secondary review Flashcards
Encoding specificity principle
- retrieval success linked to context at encoding
- retrieval is best when context is identical at study and test
deep processing
encoding semantically, based on the meaning of words; tends to yield the best retention
shallow processing
encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words
Explicit memory
subject is aware that they are retrieving information from the past
helps with deep encoding
implicit memory
performance modified without subject being aware of connection to past events
helps with physical priming
Word identification and word completion are?
implicit
recall and recognition are?
explicit
iconic memory
- type of sensory memory that briefly stores visual information
- partial report experiment
(high pitch, medium pitch, low pitch tones)
flashbulb memory
special events lead to prioritized memories
- where you were
- who you were with
- what you were doing
- how you found out
- what you were wearing
- how you felt
emotional and rehearsed more, but still susceptible to forgetting just like any other memory (even though confidence is high)
state dependent memory
marijuana altered state study
emotion dependent memory
learned sad or learned happy
self reference effect
remember information better when you relate it to yourself.
- deeper processing
tip of the tongue phenomenon
sometimes retrieval failure is partial: you can recall some aspects of the desired content, but not all.
sentence verification technique and typicality effect
quicker to say if a sentence is true or false if asked about typical or average category member
- an apple is a fruit. true or false?
- an avocado is a fruit. true or false?
Collins and Quillian’s Networks
2 level question
- is an eggplant food?
1 level question
- does an eggplant have seeds?
0 level question
- is an eggplant purple? is an eggplant an eggplant?
Which question would be answered the fastest? The slowest?
DRM paradigm
participants are presented with lists of semantically related words, and then falsely recall or recognize a non presented but related critical lure word
Parallel distributed processing approach
a system of handling information in which many steps happen at once (i.e., in parallel) and in which various aspects of the problem or task are represented only in a distrubted way.
What is synesthesia?
a neurological phenomenon where stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway (like hearing) leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in another sensory or cognitive pathway (like vision),
Describe kosslyn’s island map study. What type of study is this?
chronometric study: measuring the time it takes to complete a mental task
- participants memorized a map of fictional island with landmarks and then mentally scanned between these landmarks
describe “boundary extension”
our tendency to remember having viewed a greater portion of the scene than what was actually shown.
What are demand characteristics?
- cues that might influence imagery experiments
- cues that signal to the participant how he or she is “supposed to” respond
levels of categorization
superordinate
- supervise, superhuman, superior (fruit)
basic
subordinate
- subzero, subconscious, submarine (most specific “granny smith apple”)
prototypes
concepts defined by “ideal” or “average” members
exemplars
concepts defined by previously seen examples
Linguistic relativity
people who speak different languages think differently.
BENJAMIN LEE WHORF
the language you speak forces you into certain modes of thought
Describe the false memory experiment.
False memory experiments, like those conducted by Elizabeth Loftus, demonstrate that human memory is fallible and can be manipulated, showing that people can recall events that never happened or remember details inaccurately
A special distractor
a word or concept that is semantically, linguistically, or conceptually related to the words on the ist, but is not actually presented on the list itself.
- just because someone is confident that their memory is correct doesn’t make their memory correct
What is the “recovered memory” perspective
Many believe that traumatic or painful memories are “repressed”
they aren’t consciously available, but they still exist in a person’s long term storage and in suitable circumstances can be “recovered”
Describe extralinguistic context
the physical and social setting in which you hear or see sentences
Pragmatic rules of language
prosody
- direct the listeners attention by specifying the focus or theme of a sentence
- can clarify a sentence that would otherwise be confusing
Describe the ERP response to sentences with semantic anomalies
evidence from event related potentials
- differences in brain activity with semantic anomalies
+ she spreads the bread with butter
+ she spreads the bread with socks
- distinct brain waves for anomalies
+ semantic (negative 400ms)
+syntax (positive 600ms)
Being aware of our own thinking patterns relies on:
metacognition
Which approach utilizes how well an item fits into a category based on comparing it to other category members?
exemplar
Seeing someone mouth the phoneme /ba/ while hearing the phoneme /da/ would bias your perception. What is this effect called?
McGurk Effect
An impairment in language due to damage to the brain is called:
aphasia
Which area of the brain is directly involved with long-term memory?
hippocampus
Which of the following is most helpful for learning and retaining information?
spaced repetition
Information is better remembered when the context at retrieval matched the context at encoding. What is this phenomenon called?
encoding specificity principle
“______” amnesia refers to difficulty remembering past events; “_______” amnesia refers to difficulty with acquiring new information and using working memory
retrograde; anterograde
True or False: Memory is better if learning occurs over a condensed period, rather than spread out
False
Being able to retrieve information easily due to past stimulation of similar information is known as:
priming
Connections between ideas in a memory network are called:
associative links
Mental imagery and actual perception both activate:
visual-processing regions
“______” aphasia affects speech production; “______” aphasia affects speech comprehension
Broca’s aphasia; Wernicke’s aphasia
The smallest unit of speech is called a _______.
phoneme
A person with unilateral neglect due to damage to their right hemisphere would ignore things in the _____ visual field
left
According to the _____ perspective, traumatic events may be repressed in childhood but may be remembered in adulthood
recovered-memory
True or false: Impaired explicit memory always co-occurs with impaired implicit memory
False
According to Shepard & Metzler’s findings, every ______ degree of rotation equates to an additional second of mental rotation
50
Word completion and word identification tasks assess ______ memory, while recognition and recall tasks assess ______ memory
implicit; explicit
True or false: Connectionist models rely on sequential activation (activating one node at a time)
False
What is the relationship between encoding and retrieval?
If the context (environment, emotional state, sober state) of where the information is encoded is the same in retrieval, then recall will be better
What is the difference between implicit and explicit memory?
implicit is unconscious while explicit in conscious
What is spreading activation?
A process through which activation travels from one node to another, via associative links. As each node becomes activated, it serves as a source for further activation, spreading onward through the network.
Synesthesia
blending of sensations
Is there a relationship between memory confidence and memory accuracy?
No, memory confidence does not necessarily mean memory accuracy. Memories can still be wrong regardless of how accurate you are
What does damage to the hippocampus result in?
anterograde amnesia
What does damage to the amygdala result in?
implicit memory, possibly emotional memory
What is a flashbulb memory?
A memory of extraordinary clarity, typically for some highly emotional event, that is retained over many years. Despite their remarkable vividness, flashbulb memories sometimes are inaccurate.
How would you describe the “recovered-memory perspective”?
It is the idea that memories can be suppressed (or buried- still in long-term memory). And these memories can be recovered or brought back into consciousness. Controversial because we have no way of knowing the memory was really recovered or if these are false memories
What is the difference between categorical and continuous perception?
Categorical perception involves perceiving stimuli as belonging to distinct categories (language) while continuous perception involves perceiving stimuli along a spectrum with no clear boundaries (color)
What did the mental rotation lab show?
It showed that the more degrees of rotation, the more time it took to say the shapes are the same. The study showed that mentally rotating objects reflects reality. 50 degree rotation equaled 1 second.
What is a false memory?
memory errors, when you remember something that didn’t happen
