Exam 2 review Flashcards
Encoding specificity principle
- retrieval success linked to context at encoding
- retrieval is best when context is identical at study and test
deep processing
encoding semantically, based on the meaning of words; tends to yield the best retention
shallow processing
encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words
Explicit memory
subject is aware that they are retrieving information from the past
helps with deep encoding
implicit memory
performance modified without subject being aware of connection to past events
helps with physical priming
Word identification and word completion are?
implicit
recall and recognition are?
explicit
iconic memory
- type of sensory memory that briefly stores visual information
- partial report experiment
(high pitch, medium pitch, low pitch tones)
flashbulb memory
special events lead to prioritized memories
- where you were
- who you were with
- what you were doing
- how you found out
- what you were wearing
- how you felt
emotional and rehearsed more, but still susceptible to forgetting just like any other memory (even though confidence is high)
state dependent memory
marijuana altered state study
emotion dependent memory
learned sad or learned happy
self reference effect
remember information better when you relate it to yourself.
- deeper processing
tip of the tongue phenomenon
sometimes retrieval failure is partial: you can recall some aspects of the desired content, but not all.
sentence verification technique and typicality effect
quicker to say if a sentence is true or false if asked about typical or average category member
- an apple is a fruit. true or false?
- an avocado is a fruit. true or false?
Collins and Quillian’s Networks
2 level question
- is an eggplant food?
1 level question
- does an eggplant have seeds?
0 level question
- is an eggplant purple? is an eggplant an eggplant?
Which question would be answered the fastest? The slowest?
DRM paradigm
participants are presented with lists of semantically related words, and then falsely recall or recognize a non presented but related critical lure word
Parallel distributed processing approach
a system of handling information in which many steps happen at once (i.e., in parallel) and in which various aspects of the problem or task are represented only in a distrubted way.
What is synesthesia?
a neurological phenomenon where stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway (like hearing) leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in another sensory or cognitive pathway (like vision),
Describe kosslyn’s island map study. What type of study is this?
chronometric study: measuring the time it takes to complete a mental task
- participants memorized a map of fictional island with landmarks and then mentally scanned between these landmarks
describe “boundary extension”
our tendency to remember having viewed a greater portion of the scene than what was actually shown.
What are demand characteristics?
- cues that might influence imagery experiments
- cues that signal to the participant how he or she is “supposed to” respond
levels of categorization
superordinate
- supervise, superhuman, superior (fruit)
basic
subordinate
- subzero, subconscious, submarine (most specific “granny smith apple”)
prototypes
concepts defined by “ideal” or “average” members
exemplars
concepts defined by previously seen examples
Linguistic relativity
people who speak different languages think differently.
BENJAMIN LEE WHORF
the language you speak forces you into certain modes of thought
Describe the false memory experiment.
False memory experiments, like those conducted by Elizabeth Loftus, demonstrate that human memory is fallible and can be manipulated, showing that people can recall events that never happened or remember details inaccurately
A special distractor
a word or concept that is semantically, linguistically, or conceptually related to the words on the ist, but is not actually presented on the list itself.
- just because someone is confident that their memory is correct doesn’t make their memory correct
What is the “recovered memory” perspective
Many believe that traumatic or painful memories are “repressed”
they aren’t consciously available, but they still exist in a person’s long term storage and in suitable circumstances can be “recovered”
Describe extralinguistic context
the physical and social setting in which you hear or see sentences
Pragmatic rules of language
prosody
- direct the listeners attention by specifying the focus or theme of a sentence
- can clarify a sentence that would otherwise be confusing
Describe the ERP response to sentences with semantic anomalies
evidence from event related potentials
- differences in brain activity with semantic anomalies
+ she spreads the bread with butter
+ she spreads the bread with socks
- distinct brain waves for anomalies
+ semantic (negative 400ms)
+syntax (positive 600ms)
