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Geography > Secondary Economic Activites > Flashcards

Secondary Economic Activites Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the British iron and steel industry like before the industrial revolution?

A
  • based on local supplies of iron ore and forest to get charcoal
  • industry was centred in Kent and the Forest of Dean because of the availability of charcoal
  • when the forests were cut down there was a need for a new source of fuel for furnaces
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2
Q

What was the British iron and steel industry like from the industrial revolution to the 20th century?

A
  • iron industry moved to coalfields
  • charcoal was replaced by cold as fuel for the furnaces
  • canals and railways became more used as transport for coal and iron
  • steel was cheaper to produce thanks to news inventions e.g Bessemer converter
  • in the 20th century industrial inertia happened with the iron mills on coalfields because coal production had become inefficient because of deep mines
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3
Q

What is industrial inertia?

A

Industrial inertia is when a factory or industry stays in its original location even though it would be profitable to move somewhere else

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4
Q

What was coke?

A

Baked coal used for smelting iron ore

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5
Q

What was the British iron and steel industry like in the later 20th century?

A

-in the later 20th century the iron and steel industry moved to the coast where integrated steel mills were built to produce steel more efficiently

E.g Port Talbot in Wales

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6
Q

Why did the iron and steel industry have to move?

A
  • The British iron ore deposits were exhausted to it was necessary to import iron ore from Sweden
  • the coal fields were used up so it was imported from Poland
  • oil was used as a source of power instead of coal and it was imported as well

So, integrated steel mills moved to coastal locations

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7
Q

What are integrated steel mills?

A

Mills with all the functions for steel production

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8
Q

Example of industrial inertia (Sheffield steel industry)

A

Sheffield was one of the centres for iron and steel production in the 19th century.

Local iron and steel deposits ran out and it was far away from any ports

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9
Q

Why did the Sheffield steel works stay?

A
  • it produced high-quality products (cutlery)
  • it had a brand name based on its reputation is producing high quality products
  • it had a highly skilled workforce
  • the gov invested money to modernise the steelworks to enable it to compete with imported products
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10
Q

What is a footloose industry?

A

Footloose industry can choose a variety of locations, no single location factor decides its location factor

Their manufacturing is based on assembly plants that use semi-skilled/unskilled workers to put together components for high-value products. They can move their manufacturing to places with lower costs

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11
Q

What are the footloose industries?

A
  • Computer manufacturing
  • electronics
  • medical care products
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12
Q

Example of a footloose industry (case study)

A

•In the late 1990’s, the computer industry in Ireland produced 1/3 of all personal computers sold in Europe. Many US companies located their research and development in America but their manufacturing in Ireland.

•Since then many companies moved their production to China and Eastern Europe where employees cost less
e.g Dell moved production from Limerick to Poland

  • About 10,000 jobs lost in the industry since 2000
  • iMacs production used to be located in Cork before moving the production to Wales, the Far East and eventually the Czech Republic. The factories were replaced by call centres which employed 2,500 in Cork in 2012
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13
Q

What factories influence factory location?

A
  • raw materials
  • markets
  • services
  • labour
  • transport
  • capital
  • government grants
  • personal reasons
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14
Q

What is a light industry?

A

An industry that produces small, lighter products e.g textiles, clothing

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15
Q

An example of light industry

A

Intel Ireland : built a factory on a 360-acre farm in Leixlip Co.Kildare

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16
Q

What factors led to increased numbers of women in the work force?

A
  1. education: more females went to secondary school and 3rd level colleges so more professional jobs were opened up to women
  2. people wanted a higher standard of living with better houses and more leisure so two wages were needed to pay for this new lifestyle
  3. the women’s movement: the women’s movement questioned the traditional role of women who stayed at home, it encouraged women to seek greater fulfilment by working outside the home
  4. gender equality laws:the marriage ban prevented women from working in civil service but this was lifted in 1973 and new laws banned discrimination against women in the workforce and ensured equal pay for women in the workforce
  5. growth of service jobs: more jobs were open
  6. Smaller families: couples planned smaller families
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17
Q

What are problems influencing the number of women in the workforce?

A
  1. Women are involved in more part-time work
  2. Women earn less on average than men
  3. There are fewer women than men in management
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18
Q

Why do the problems that influence the numbers of women in the workforce continue?

A
  • women undertake more family duties which can limit their opportunities at work, women take on more part-time jobs and don’t put themselves forward for promotions
  • in certain industries that were traditionally dominated by men and can be prejudiced towards women
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19
Q

How many women worked before and after the communists revolution?

A
  • before 1949 revolution 7% of women worked

- now 40% of women work

20
Q

What is the women’s workforce like in rural areas?

A

Women’s status has improved only slightly
•women can sit on rural committees to plan economic targets for villages
•however they have unequal education and job opportunities and are expected to drop out of school earlier to do household work and farming

21
Q

What are jobs open to women in cities?

A
  • health care has more opportunities for women

* the one-child policy means women no longer have to care for large families

22
Q

Where is women’s largest working job opportunities?

A
  • young single women are the backbone of the workforce in China’s exporting industries
  • these industries based in the special economic zones where foreign companies are attracted with special tax incentives
  • while there is employment female workers are paid minimum wage and are fined if they break factory rules
23
Q

What factors influence factory location?

A
  • raw materials
  • markets
  • services
  • labour
  • labour
  • transport
  • capital+government grants
  • personal reasons
24
Q

How do raw materials affect factory location?

A
  • bulky/heavy materials are costly to transport so it’s cheaper to process the raw materials close to where they are located
  • when the raw materials come from different places the factory is located near the market
  • when raw materials are imported the factory is built near a port or airport

e.g Bauxite is processed into alumina in Aughinish in the Shannon estuary

25
Q

How does market affect factory location?

A
  • the factory is built near the market if the finished product is bulkier than the finished product
  • factories are built near ports and airports if access to the EU market and the world market is important

e.g Intel Leixlip

26
Q

How does services affect the location of the market?

A

Services such as electricity, water and telecommunications are vital to factories. These are provided to industrial estates in many locations around Ireland

27
Q

How does labour affect the location of the factory?

A

Factories that need an educated workforce will be built near third-level colleges

28
Q

How does transport affect the location of the factory?

A

Factories need to be built near forms of transport to transport raw materials and finished goods

29
Q

How does capital and government grants affect the location of the factory?

A

Capital: there must be money available for investment in buildings and equipment

Government Grants: the IDA and Shannon Development promote Ireland as a location for foreign industry.
—they build advanced factories in industrial estates
—the gov provides grants and tax incentives to attract foreign companies to build factories in Ireland

30
Q

What are the three categories of industrial development?

A
  • industrialised regions
  • newly industrialised regions
  • industrially emergent regions
31
Q

What are the industrialised regions?

A

These are long-established industries and industrial areas. They are rich countries of the developed world

e.g Germany, EU, US

32
Q

What are the industrialised regions?

A

In these new regions, new industries are developing and there is rapid industrial growth with is often because of cheap labour

e.g Brazil, India, China

33
Q

What are industrially emergent countries?

A

Countries in these regions are not industrialised or have a slowly growing industrial sector. They largely depend on producing raw materials in the primary economic sector

e.g Peru, Sudan, Africa

34
Q

What does industrialised mean?

A

A country or region where manufacturing industry has been developed

35
Q

Solutions to acid rain?

A
  • the EU setting emission standards for power stations, factories and cars so that fewer gases are produced
  • coal and oil burning station should use filters to clean outgoing smoke
  • emissions could be reduced by driving cars with cleaner engines or driving electric cars
  • solar, wind and nuclear power can be used to reduce emissions e.g France
  • the increased use of public transport means less cars on the roads
36
Q

What is a case study for a conflict of interest between industrialists and others?

A

Cork Harbour incinerator

37
Q

What are arguments for building the cork harbour incinerator?

A
  • more jobs and industries would be introduced to the area because the companies would dispose of their waste and there would be 50 jobs at the incinerator
  • cork produces the most toxic waste so it needs to be destroyed, the toxic waste is produced by the chemical industry based around cork harbour
  • it’s not a health hazard if not managed properly
  • the waste could be used to generate electricity for 30.000 houses
38
Q

What are the arguments against the cork harbour incinerator?

A
  • dioxins released by incineration could damage people’s health, dioxins have been linked to birth defects and cancer
  • the prevailing winds blow the dioxins into built up areas
  • the incinerator would be built near deep water so waste could be imported and it could lead to a bigger incinerator
  • there are already several incinerators in the area
39
Q

How have the working hours been reduced?

A
  • the full-time hours of workers have been reduced, the average working week feel from 44 hours in the 1980’s to 38 hours by the beginning of this century
  • there is much more part-time work and job-sharing because these working conditions suited older workers, women with children and younger workers
40
Q

Arguments in favour of shorter working hours

A
  • reducing working hours for those at work will provide employment for those who are unemployed
  • reducing working hours protects workers health and safety, very long working hours leads to accidents and mistakes
  • workers are spending more time travelling to work so it is necessary to shorten the day
  • increase leisure time will create more jobs in the leisure industry
41
Q

What are arguments against more working hours?

A
  • taking on extra workers will only increase costs
  • employers won’t be able to compete with factories in countries where they’re are longer working hours
  • this could lead to closure of factories in developed countries and the transfer to Eastern European and Asian countries
  • the workers have plenty of breaks during the year with bank holidays and longer annual holidays
42
Q

Who has led the campaign for shorter working hours?

A

The unions

43
Q

How have the working hours been reduced?

A
  • the full-time hours of workers have been reduced, the average working week feel from 44 hours in the 1980’s to 38 hours by the beginning of this century
  • there is much more part-time work and job-sharing because these working conditions suited older workers, women with children and younger workers
44
Q

Arguments in favour of shorter working hours

A
  • reducing working hours for those at work will provide employment for those who are unemployed
  • reducing working hours protects workers health and safety, very long working hours leads to accidents and mistakes
  • workers are spending more time travelling to work so it is necessary to shorten the day
  • increase leisure time will create more jobs in the leisure industry
45
Q

What are arguments against more working hours?

A
  • taking on extra workers will only increase costs
  • employers won’t be able to compete with factories in countries where they’re are longer working hours
  • this could lead to closure of factories in developed countries and the transfer to Eastern European and Asian countries
  • the workers have plenty of breaks during the year with bank holidays and longer annual holidays
46
Q

Who has led the campaign for shorter working hours?

A

The unions

Geography (12 decks)

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