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Geography > Primary Economic Activites > Flashcards

Primary Economic Activites Flashcards

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1
Q

What are economic activities?

A

Jobs from which people can earn money

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2
Q

What are the 3 categories of economic activities?

A
  • primary activities
  • secondary activities
  • tertiary activities
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3
Q

What are primary activities?

A

People produce raw materials from the land and sea

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4
Q

What are primary activities?

A

People change raw materials into finished products

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5
Q

What are tertiary activities?

A

People provide useful services, these services depend on primary and secondary activities

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6
Q

Why does most of dublin’s water com from the Wicklow mountains?

A
  • there adequate supplies of rainfall there

* the granite bedrock is suitable for strong or holding water and there is space for dams and reservoirs

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7
Q

What are the different stages in the Dublin water supply system?

A
  1. Water is mainly stored in the roundwood reservoir and the poulaphouca reservoir
  2. Water sent to treatment plants such as Ballymore Eustace
  3. Water then piped to smaller reservoirs e.g Saggart Reservoir
  4. Treated water is them piped through 7000km of pipes to homes and businesses in the greater Dublin area
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8
Q

What is the Dublin water supply project?

A

The plan to cater for future needs. There is a proposed route to pipe water from the Shannon to Dublin

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9
Q

What are the four uses of water?

A
  • domestic: cooking, washing, drinking
  • manufacturing: tinned food, frozen fish
  • farming: irrigation
  • forest industry
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10
Q

What is irrigation?

A

When people water the land for agriculture or for maintains gardens

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11
Q

What is the problem with farming for the Central Valley of California?

A
  • the northern section has plenty of rainfall but the land isn’t fertile
  • the southern section has more fertile land but not a lot of rain
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12
Q

What was the Central Valley Project developed for?

A

It was developed in the 1930’s to bring water from the north to the south

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13
Q

How was the Central Valley project done?

A

Large dams were built on northern rivers (e.g Sacramento River) and over 20 reservoirs were created to store water

  • dams produce hydroelectricity
  • water is sent by canals, aqueducts and pumping station to the south
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14
Q

What what are the advantages of the Central Valley Project?

A
  • land is irrigated and crops are grown
  • lakes are used for recreation and tourism for people from local cities such as Los Angeles
  • water is also sent to houses, it provides drinking water for 2 million people
  • dams produce hydroelectricity
  • dams are used to control floods which were endangering local cities
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15
Q

What are the disadvantages of the Central Valley Project?

A
  • the water is expensive for farmers
  • farming must be intensive to pay for the water
  • salts that are left behind after the water evaporates can poison the soil
  • salmon are not able to go upstream to spawn because of dams
  • many archaeological sites and Native American reserves were covered by the water
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16
Q

What are the advantages of oil?

A
  • there is a plentiful supply in the short term
  • it is a good source of energy for transport
  • there are lots of by-products such as plastics, chemicals and medicine
  • it is cheaper than other fuels
  • it is easy to transport and distribute it
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17
Q

What are the disadvantages of oil?

A
  • it can cause pollution

* it is a non-renewable resource

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18
Q

Who discovered the Kinsale head gas field?

A

Marathon Petroleum discovered it in the 1970’s

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19
Q

How did Marathon discover the Kinsale gas field?

A
  • it obtained licences from the Irish gov to explore offshore blocks
  • it undertook geological studies to discover likely rock structures that might hold gas or oil
  • carried out test drilling to investigate
  • built two production platforms and an underwater pipeline to bring gas ashore
20
Q

What is a multinational corporation?

A

A company that has businesses in more than one country

21
Q

Who is the gas from the Kinsale Gas field distributed to?

A

Consumers in the different part of Ireland by An aboard Gáis

22
Q

Why is Ireland ideal for drilling for gas and oil?

A

The shallow waters of the continental shelf make it possible to drill

23
Q

What are the benefits of oil and gas discoveries?

A
  • taxes are paid by the exploration company to the gov, money used to build infrastructure
  • jobs are created during and exploration and when the gas is being produced; jobs are also created from spin-off industries such as electricity, chemicals, paint and plastics
  • reduces energy imports
  • the Kinsale gas field can be used as storage when it runs out
24
Q

Problems with oil and gas discoveries

A

•oil spills could cause damage to coastal areas
-2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill, 5 million barrels of oil escaped, eleven men were killed and huge damage was done to the marine life and fishing+tourist industries
•oil and gas are fossil fuels which contribute to global warming when used in cars and power stations
•oil rigs at sea are a form of visual pollution

25
Q

What is Saudi Arabia known for?

A

Has one of the largest reserves of oil in the world and one of the worlds leading exporters of oil

26
Q

What is Saudi Arabia a member of?

A

OPEC

Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries

27
Q

What was Saudi Arabia like before the discovery of oil?

A
  • before oil was discovered Saudi Arabia was a land of nomadic people who roamed the desert, dependent on goats, sheep and camels
  • after oil was discovered Saudi Arabia became one of the worlds richest countries, with a high standard of living and high employment
28
Q

What is Saudi Arabia trying to do due to oil being a finite resource?

A

It’s trying to diversity its economy

  • developed its education sector and has a fine road system
  • encouraged the growth of a petrochemical industry and the development of a telecommunications industry
  • trying to attract foreign investment and privatising some industries such as the electricity sector
29
Q

When and why was bored na móna set up?

A
  • after WW2
  • set up to manage Irish bogs
  • developed new technologies to extract peat from the bog
30
Q

What are the two types of bogs?

A
  • raised bogs

- blanket bogs

31
Q

What is a raised bog?

A

Raised bogs are deep bogs: up to 7-8 metres thick and are found in the Midlands

32
Q

What are blanket bogs?

A

Thing bogs covering a wide area

-usually found in the mountains in the west and south of Ireland

33
Q

What are the machines used to prepare bogs?

A

-ditchers
-graders
railway tracks are laid

34
Q

What are ditchers?

A

Machines used to drain bogs, could take up to 7 years. There wide tracks ensured that they didn’t sink into the ground

35
Q

What are graders?

A

Machines used to level the bog

36
Q

How are bogs harvested?

A
  • millers scrape the peat from the surface to break it down
  • killed peat left to dry
  • gathered into ridges by ridgers and harvesters
37
Q

How is peat processed/sold?

A
  • peat in the form of milled peat is used in ESB power stations e.g Edenderry
  • briquette factories are based in Littleton
  • moss peat is produced for gardens to improve soil
  • sod peat is harvested by families for use in their own home
38
Q

What are bogs called after they are used up?

A

Cut-away bogs

39
Q

What are cut-away bogs used for?

A

•grassland farming in the surface, new land can be sold to local farms
•wildlife conservation: e.g Boora Bog; converted into a parkland with wetlands, walkways, cycle patches and bird watching areas
•forestry
•archaeological sites: bogs have been sources of important archaeological finds such as Old Croghan Man
•wind farms: advantages because
-cut-away bogs usually on flat, open sites with easy access
-these areas are unpopulated so no noise and visual pollution

40
Q

Why are the seas around Ireland good fishing grounds?

A

The continental shelf - a shallow sea bed off our coasts with plentiful supply of plankton for fish to feed on

41
Q

What is overfishing?

A

When fishing activities reduce fish stocks below the acceptable level

42
Q

Why is there overfishing?

A
  1. Improved technology
    •there are bigger ships, super trawlers operate in fleets and their refrigeration systems can store large quantities of fish
    -EU subsidies have been used to increase the size of ships
    •fishing equipment has improved
    -detection: the ships have echo sounders and sonar equipment to find fish and radar for navigation
    -they have winches and cranes to haul fish on board so that large nets can be used
  2. increased demand
    •to satisfy demand trawlers will sometimes exceed their quota of fish
43
Q

Why has herring been almost wiped out in the Irish Sea?

A

Herring move slowly in large groups and there spawning grounds are in sheltered shallow coasts. Herring are in their best condition before spawning so the prices are high

44
Q

What is sustainable fishing?

A

Ensuring that there are enough fish stocks for future generations

45
Q

What methods used to prevent overfishing?

A
  • only Irish trawlers may fish within 10km of the Irish shore
  • only EU trawlers may fish within 20km of the Irish shore
  • fish quotas are imposed (fixed limits) and sea areas may be closed to allow fish stock to recover
  • fishing fleets are being reduced in size
  • surveys are done so that fish stocks do not get too low
  • nets are made to allow small fish to pass through without harm
  • the aquaculture industry is growing
  • fishery protection ships patrol to prevent overfishing

Geography (12 decks)

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