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Geography > Chapter 1-4 > Flashcards

Chapter 1-4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the crust?

A

The crust is solid rock which covers the suface of the earth. The continental crust is thicker than the oceanic crust.

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2
Q

What are plates?

A

The crust is divided into sections. These sections are called plates. There are 11 plates.

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3
Q

What is the mantle?

A

The mantle is under the crust. It is composed of molten magma that is very hot. It floats in currents.

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4
Q

What is the core?

A

The core is the centre of the earth and it is very hot- it is between 3000°C and 5000°C. It is mostly made of iron but it is solid in the middle. It is divided into the inner and outer core.

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5
Q

What is continentel drift?

A

It is the movement of plates. These movements are caused by convection currents.

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6
Q

What are convection currents?

A

Currents in the mantle. The magma is heated by the earths core and rises up to join or seperate under the crust.

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7
Q

What are the features caused when plates collide?

A

Earthquakes, volcanos and fold mountains

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8
Q

What is caused when plates separate?

A

Volcanos, mid-ocean ridges, earthquakes

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9
Q

What happens with plates slide past eachother?

A

Earthquakes

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10
Q

What is a cause of plates colliding?

A

Nazca -> south american
African -> eurasian
Indian -> eurasian

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11
Q

Examples of plates colliding?

A

Pacific ring of fire
Alps
Munster mountains

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12
Q

Plates separating?

A

North american -> eurasian

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13
Q

Plates sliding past?

A

Pacific-> north american plate

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14
Q

Examples of plates separating?

A

Iceland

Mid-atlantic ridge

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15
Q

Examples of plates sliding past eachother?

A

San andreas fault, californa

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16
Q

How are fold mountains formed?

A

When two plates colide the pressure from the plates slowly folds the earths crust into fold mountains

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17
Q

What is an anticline?

A

An upfold

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18
Q

What is a syncline?

A

A downfold

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19
Q

Examples of fold mountains?

A

The Alps
The Andes mountains
The Himilayas

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20
Q

What causes the Alps?

A

The eurasian plate colliding with the african plate

21
Q

What caused the Himilayas?

A

The Indian plate colliding with the eurasian plate

22
Q

What caused the Andes mountains?

A

Nazca -> south african

23
Q

How many years ago were the munster mountains formed?

A

250 million

24
Q

Examples of mountains caused by the amorican folding

A

Comeragh mountains; Co. Waterford
Caha mountains; Co Cork
Macgillycuddy’s Reeks Co. kerry

25
Q

What is an earthquake?

A

A series of seismic waves that shake the ground and buildings

26
Q

What is the focus?

A

The place within the crust where the rock breaks and the earthquake begins, sending out shockwaves or seismic waves

27
Q

What was is the epicentre?

A

The surface directly above the focus where the most severe tremors occur

28
Q

What are seismic waves?

A

Vibrations that are sent out by the earthquake

29
Q

What do seismographs measure?

A

Instruments used to measure seismic waves to find out the severity of an earthquake

30
Q

What is the Richter Scale?

A

A scale that measures the severity of earthquakes e.g 3 would cause barely any damage but over 9 is near total destruction

31
Q

What are the effects of earthquakes?

A
  • the immediate effects of earthquakes are the displacement of earth and the collapse of buildings which result in the deaths of people in the buildings
  • the breaking of gas mains, causing fires that destroy buildings
  • the destruction of communication lines
  • the spread of disease such as cholera and typhoid due to dirty water
  • the destruction of the local economy as factories are destroyed
32
Q

What was the cause of the 2011 Japan tsunami?

A

-Japan is on the Pacific ring of fire

–the epicentre was about 70km off the coast, where the Pacific & Eurasian plate were colliding

33
Q

What were the results of the 2011 earthquake in Japan

A
  • it raised the sea bed by about 8 metres, caused up to 40m tsunami waves
  • in spite of an early warning system with 1000 seismometers, sirens to warn people and high tsunami walls the waves travelled 10km inland
  • 25000 deaths, most from drowning
  • damaged roads, railways and causes a dam to collapse
  • caused serious problems when the cooling systems in 2 nuclear plants failed and people in a 20km radius had to be evacuated
  • caused hundreds of aftershocks
34
Q

Why do earthquakes occur along the San Andreas Fault?

A

It’s where the Pacific plate and the North American plate are sliding past eachother

35
Q

What was the most serious earthquake along the San Andreas fault?

A

The 1906 San Francisco earthquake

  • 7.9 magnitude
  • surface moved up with 8
  • 3500 deaths
36
Q

What were the effects of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake?

A
  • 80% of the city was destroyed
  • most of damage and loss of life caused by the burst of gas mains; the water pipes were broken so there was not enough water to control the fires
  • about 3/4 of the population left homeless
37
Q

What are volcanoes?

A

Openings or cracks in the earth’s crust through which magma, ash, cinder and gases pour or erupt

38
Q

The formation of a cone-shaped volcano?

A
  1. Magma seeps up from the magma reservoir in the mantle through cracks in the crust, when pressure builds up near the surface this causes a violent eruption that fires ash, cinder and gas into the sky
  2. Lava flows out of the crater at the top of the volcanic mountain and down the sides,the lava cools and hardens
  3. Layers of lava and ash are laid down during different eruptions which build up to form a cone-shaped volcano with a crater at the top
  4. Sometimes a secondary volcano develops on the main cone
39
Q

What is a crater?

A

The mouth of the volcano from which lava, ash, cinder and gases escape

40
Q

Vent

A

The crack in the crust from which the volcano builds up from a series of eruptions

41
Q

What is the magma reservoir?

A

The magma reservoir is down in the mantle, the magma/lava comes from here

42
Q

Magma

A

The molten rock while its underground

43
Q

Lava

A

Molten rock when it comes above the ground

44
Q

What is the mid-Atlantic ridge?

A

A series of mid-ocean ridges (line of mountains/volcanoes) which are caused by the North America and Eurasian plates spreading

45
Q

What are the volcanic features of Iceland?

A
  • volcanoes: Mt Hekla
  • geysers: throw up jets of water and steam regularly
  • geothermal springs
46
Q

Types of volcanoes?

A
  • active: Mt Vesuvius
  • dormant: Cotopaxi
  • extinct: Slemish Mountain
47
Q

HOW VOLCANOES IMPACT ON HUMAN ACTIVITIES

Advantages if volcanoes

A
  • fertile soils are created from the breakdown of lava e.g Mt Vesuvius in Italy
  • geothermal springs provide hot water and central heating e.g Iceland
  • new land is formed e.g Surtsey off Iceland
  • tourist visit volcanoes or towns destroyed by volcanoes e.g Pompeii or distinctive landscapes cause by volcanoes e.g Giants causeway
48
Q

HOW VOLCANOES IMPACT ON HUMAN ACTIVITIES

Disadvantages of volcanoes

A
  • many people killed and towns and cities are destroyed e.g Pompeii
  • farming land is destroyed
  • Lahars can cause great damage
  • Icelandic ash clouds disrupt air travel

Geography (12 decks)

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