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Medical Microbiology > Second Test > Flashcards

Second Test Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
0
Q

What does Haemophilus mean?

A

It means blood loving.

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1
Q

What does Fastidious mean?

A

It means that a pathogen is picky about the environment and what is needed for the pathogen to thrive.

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2
Q

What are the main diseases caused by Haemophilus Influenzae?

A

In children that are not vaccinated it causes MENINGITIS, conjunctivitis, epiglottitis, otitis media, and acute sinusitis.

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3
Q

How is Haemophilus Influenzae transmitted?

A

Through the respiratory system

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4
Q

What are the factors supplied by red blood cells?

A

Hemin or X Factor and NAD or V Factor

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5
Q

True or False: Haemophilus Influenzae requires both factors X and V for growth?

A

TRUE

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6
Q

What disease does the H. Influenzae subgroup Aegyptius cause?

A

Causes pinkeye which is purulent and contagious

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7
Q

What major disease does Bordetella Pertussis cause?

A

It is the causative agent of the whooping cough

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8
Q

If you were to culture for Bordetella Pertussis (Whooping cough), where would you culture?

A

The nasopharynx

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9
Q

True or False: Bordetella Pertussis does not require special media for growth

A

False; B. Pertussis does require special media which contains charcoal and 10% horse blood.

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10
Q

Where does Legionella Pneumophila live normally?

A

In the water!

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11
Q

What is the most distinctive characteristic of Brucella?

A

It is a zoonosis, which means that it is passed to humans from animals.
B. Abortus (Cattle), B. Melitensis (Sheep and Goats), B. suis (pigs).

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12
Q

If you want to culture Brucella where should you go?

A

Blood and bone marrow

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13
Q

What is the common reservoir for Francisella Tularensis?

A

Cottontail Rabbit

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14
Q

How is Francisella Tularensis most often transmitted to a human?

A

By direct cutaneous inoculation (from a tick or deer fly bite), inhalation, or ingestion.

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15
Q

What bacteria causes Tularemia?

A

Francisella Tularensis

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16
Q

Where is Pasteurella Multocida found?

A

It is normal flora in the respiratory tract of the cats, dogs, rabbits, panthers, etc. Therefore, it is common for transmission to take place if a person receives a dog or cat scratch/bite.

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17
Q

Where do the majority of the non fermenters originate from?

A

From the soil, water, and on vegetation. For this reason they have a high resistance to antibiotics.

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18
Q

Is the nonfermentive group of bacteria aerobic or anaerobic?

A

It is aerobic. It needs Oxygen to grow properly.

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19
Q

What are the most distinctive characteristics of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa?

A

It is oxidase positive, it creates a fruity odor and green metallic sheen on the agar.

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20
Q

What are the main diseases that are caused by Pseudomonas Aeruginosa?

A

Ear infections (External Otitis), eye infections, and gastrointestinal infections

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21
Q

What are the two characteristics that help identify Pseudomonas Aeruginosa?

A

It is the only bacteria that can grow at 42 degrees Celsius, and it is the bacteria that produces a blue or fluorescent colored pigment.

22
Q

What are the characteristics of Acinetobacter baumannii?

A

It is gram variable, coccobaccilary. It is oxidase negative. It is the most common gram-negative rod carried on the skin of hospital personnel. It is notoriously resistant to soaps.

23
Q

What are the three main treatments for Vibrio Cholera?

A

IV hydration therapy, oral rehydration, antibiotics decrease duration of disease and shedding of organism.

24
Q

True or False: Enteric gram negative bacilli are oxidase negative?

A

TRUE

25
Q

Where does Campylobacter reside?

A

It inhabits the GI tract of poultry, cattle, sheep, pigs, domestic animals

26
Q

What is the main disease that Campylobacter produces?

A

Gastroenteritis

27
Q

What disease does Helicobacter Pylori cause?

A

It can cause ulcers to form in the stomach and cause a major risk for gastric cancer.

28
Q

What are the two main diseases that mycobacteria are responsible for?

A

Tuberculosis and Leprosy

29
Q

As of 2010 how many people were affected by Tuberculosis world wide?

A

2.3 billion people (1/3 of the total population)

30
Q

Who first isolated the mycobacterium bovis bacteria which can cause tuberculosis?

A

Robert Koch

31
Q

True or False: Humans are not the only known reservoir of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

FALSE, they are the only known reservoir for M. tuberculosis.

32
Q

Define a Tubercle

A

A tubercle is a walled off area of the lungs composed of WBCs, calcium salts, and fibrous material.

33
Q

What does PPD stand for?

A

Purified Protein Derivative

34
Q

What is the Quantiferon Gold Test?

A

It is the whole blood test that is the most accurate test for Tuberculosis.

35
Q

What is the name of the vaccination for Tuberculosis?

A

BCG (Bacille-Calmette-Guerin)

36
Q

What are the first line drugs used against TB?

A

Isoniazid, Rifampin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol, Rifabutin, Rifapentine

37
Q

What major disease does Mycobacterium Leprae cause?

A

Leprosy

38
Q

What must you come in contact with in order to contract Leprosy?

A

You must have prolonged close contact with an infected individuals nasal secretions and skin lesions. Humans and the nine-banded armadillo are the only known carriers on Earth.

39
Q

What are the main characteristics of the Enterobacteriaceae?

A

They are non-sporeforming, facultatively anaerobic, gram-negative rods

40
Q

What is the natural habitat of the enterobacteriaceae?

A

As commensal flora in humans and animals. Some exist in the soil, water, and vegetation.

41
Q

What is the main disease caused by Salmonella typhi?

A

Typhoid Fever

42
Q

What diseases/symptoms are caused by Salmonella?

A

Acute gastroenteritis, food poisoning characterized by vomiting and diarrhea. Can cause a non-typhoidal bacteremia and less virulent enteric fevers.

43
Q

Shigella

A

Fever, chills, abdominal cramps, watery diarrhea followed by bloody stools containing mucus and numerous leukocytes.

44
Q

Yersinia Pestis

A

It is the main cause of the bubonic and pneumonic plague. Cats have been shown to be able to pass pneumonic plague to humans.

45
Q

Yersinia

A

Think ANIMALS

46
Q

Flagellar antigens

A

H antigens

47
Q

Capsular antigens?

A

K antigens

48
Q

Somatic antigens?

A

O antigens

49
Q

What is an enterotoxin?

A

An enterotoxin is an exotoxin that acts on the intestinal tract. It can be produced in food and ingested or it can be produced in the intestine. It causes diarrhea and vomiting.

50
Q

What does E. coli stand for?

A

Escherichia coli

51
Q

Define anaerobe

A

An anaerobe is a bacterium that fails to grow on the surface of solid media in the presence of one atmosphere oxygen.

52
Q

How come clostridium survives so well?

A

Because it has spores which help it to survive.

Medical Microbiology (4 decks)

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