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Medical Microbiology > First Test > Flashcards

First Test Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
0
Q

Staphylococcus is normal flora of skin, mucous membranes, feces, TRUE or FALSE?

A

TRUE

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1
Q

What does the prefix “Staphyle” mean in Greek?

A

Bunches of Grapes

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2
Q

What are the diseases that can be caused by Staphylococcus Aureus?

A

Skin Infections, Food Poisoning, Toxic Shock Syndrome, Pneumonia, Osteomyelitis, Gastroenteritis

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3
Q

What are the diseases that can be caused by Staphylococcus Epidermidis?

A

Endocarditis, Prosthetic Infections, IV site infections

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4
Q

What disease is Staphylococcus Saprophyticus associated with?

A

Urinary Tract Infections in recently sexually active young women.

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5
Q

What does MRSA stand for?

A

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

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6
Q

Who was Dr. Ignaz Semmelivers?

A

A doctor that implemented the requirement for health care providers to wash their hands with Chlorinated soap after having contact with a patient.

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7
Q

What does the word “Streptos” mean in Greek?

A

Twisted

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8
Q

What is Alpha Streptococci?

A

Produce Alpha Hemolysis. Partial destruction of RBCs around colony, giving green to brown discoloration of medium.

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9
Q

What is beta streptococci?

A

Produce beta hemolysis, RBCs completely lysed, giving a clear, colorless zone around colony.

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10
Q

What is Gamma Hemolysis?

A

No hemolysis. THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS GAMMA HEMOLYSIS.

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11
Q

When someone says that they have strep throat what are they saying that they have?

A

Streptococcus Pyogenes (Group A)

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12
Q

What diseases are caused by Streptococcus Pyogenes?

A

Pharyngitis, Tonsilitis (strep throat), swollen lymph nodes, Otitis media, Scarlet Fever, Impetigo, Cellulitis.

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13
Q

What is the real issue why Strep. Pyogenes is treated with such urgency?

A

Because following pharyngitis brought on by this bacteria a person could contract Rheumatic Fever which affects the heart muscle.

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14
Q

Streptococcus Agalactiae (Group B)

A

Group B for BABY. Normal flora in female genital tract.

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15
Q

Streptococcus Pneumoniae

A

Polysaccharide capsule prevents phagocytosis. Is the most frequent cause of Otitis Media in children, Community acquired bacteria pneumonia, Meningitis, sinusitis.

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16
Q

Does there exist a vaccine against Streptococcus Pneumoniae?

A

YES!

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17
Q

What diseases is Enterococcus responsible for?

A

Urinary Tract Infections, Endocarditis, Wound infections.

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18
Q

What are the two main types of Enterococcus?

A

E. Faecalis and E. Faecium

19
Q

Which antibiotic is the primary drug used to treat Streptococcus?

A

Penicillin. If penicillin resistant - Vancomycin or a 3rd generation Cephalosporin.

20
Q

Listeria Monocytogenes

A

Gram Positive Bacilli, frequently found in environment, causes still birth and meningitis in wide range of animals. In humans, infections seen in neonates, pregnant women, and immunocompromised. Epidemics associated with Foodbourne illness.

21
Q

What is the main disease that is caused by Corynebacterium Diphtheriae?

A

Diphtheria

22
Q

How does Diphtheria cause death?

A

Asphyxiation and Myocarditis.

23
Q

True or False, Bacillus species cause Spores?

A

TRUE!

24
Q

How does ANTHRAX (Bacillus Anthracis) enter the human body?

A

inhalation, ingestion, inoculation. PULMONARY and CUTANEOUS.

25
Q

What are some distinctive characteristics about Clostridium?

A

They are anaerobes (They only survive when there isn’t any O2.) They produce spores.

26
Q

What diseases are caused by Clostridium Perfringens?

A

GAS GANGRENE and food poisoning.

27
Q

What diseases does Clostridium Difficile (C-Diff) cause?

A

It causes gastrointestinal diseases. C. Difficile is normal flora of the gut tube and when the flora of the gut tube is affected by antibiotic use C-Diff can overgrow.

28
Q

What diseases does Clostridium Tetani cause?

A

TETANUS

29
Q

How do you treat Tetanus?

A

Neutralize circulating toxin with an antitoxin, relieve muscle spasms, keep airways open, remove infected tissue and treat with penicillin.

30
Q

Clostridium Botulinum

A

spores found in the soil, and on surface of fresh vegetables. Foods need to be processed properly otherwise this bacteria can be ingested and can lead to problems within the Peripheral Nervous system.

31
Q

TRUE or FALSE? Bacillus and Clostridium cause spores?

A

TRUE

32
Q

What are the two main species within the Neisseria genus?

A

N. Gonorrhoeae and N. Meningitidis

33
Q

What are shared characteristics between N. Gonorrhoeae and N. Meningitidis?

A

They are both gram negative diplococci, they both have pili for attachment, and they both need CO2 to thrive and reproduce.

34
Q

TRUE or FALSE? You can isolate N. Gonorrhoeae from the joints of an infected person?

A

TRUE

35
Q

Where does Neisseria Meningitidis hang out?

A

In the Nasopharynx

36
Q

What are the symptoms of Meningitis?

A

Fever, headache, stiffness of neck back, petechial rash, shock and disseminated intravascular coagulation, usually seen in children and young adults. (less than 1,000 cases per year.)

37
Q

What are the three main types of Meningitis?

A

Type A, B, C (cause 90% of cases world wide.) The vaccine for serotype B is highly ineffective.

38
Q

What diseases are caused by Moraxella Catarrhalis?

A

Otitis media, Sinusitis, and Pneumonia and Bronchitis in the immunocompromised and elderly.

39
Q

What are the Gram Negative Cocci?

A

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae, Neisseria Meningitidis, Moraxella Catarrhalis

40
Q

What are Koch’s Postulates?

A
  1. The microorganism must be present at every stage of the disease.
  2. The microorganism can be isolated in pure culture (in the lab.)
  3. Inoculation of the pure culture into animals produces a similar disease.
  4. The same species of microorganism must be recovered from the diseased animal.
41
Q

What are some host defenses or mechanisms of resistance in a human?

A

Normal Flora, Skin, Fascia, Blood/Brain barrier, cilia in the respiratory tract, mucus layer lining the gut, stomach acid.

42
Q

What are some host factors that lead to disease?

A

Behavior such as promiscuous activity, IV drug use, alcoholism, nutritional status. Age/race/gender. Prior viral infections, prior course of antibiotics.

43
Q

Is an antiseptic or a disinfectant applied to the skin?

A

An antiseptic.

44
Q

What is the main idea behind Body Substance Precautions (BSP)?

A

The main idea behind it is that we need to treat EACH patient as if they had HIV, and not single any one person out as if they were infected with a more virulent disease.

Medical Microbiology (4 decks)

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