Final Test Flashcards

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0
Q

What is a fungus?

A

Is is a nucleated, spore bearing; cell walls of chitin or cellulose, reproduce sexually or asexually, includes both molds and yeasts.

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1
Q

What are mycoses?

A

Infections caused by fungi, cutaneous, subcutaneous, systemic, opportunistic.

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2
Q

What is a mould?

A

fungus composed of filaments that generally form a colony that may be either filamentous, powdery, woolly, or smooth.

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3
Q

What is a yeast?

A

a unicellular budding fungus that usually produces a soft, pasty, smooth colony; usually no filamentous growth can be observed macroscopically.

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4
Q

What is the growth rate for Yeasts?

A

24-72 hours

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5
Q

What is the growth rate for moulds?

A

3-5 days, 10 days-2 weeks, or some up to 4 weeks.

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6
Q

What is the most commonly isolated yeast?

A

Candida albicans

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7
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans

A

Associated with fowl excreta, meningitis especially in AIDS patients.

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8
Q

What is hyphae?

A

Hyphae are tubular structures of fungus. Many together are mycelium.

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9
Q

What is a conidia?

A

A conidia is an asexual structure born on the side or end of hyphae or conidiophores. They may be single celled or contain multiple cells.

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10
Q

What is an arthroconidia?

A

asexual spores formed with hyphae break up at the points of septation.

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11
Q

What is a vesicle?

A

It is an enlarged structure at the end of a conidiophore.

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12
Q

What is a sporangium?

A

a closed saclike structure in which asexual spores are formed.

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13
Q

What are rhizoids?

A

Root like structures

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14
Q

Rhizopus

A

Found in decaying vegetation, can cause life-threatening illness in immunocompromised, spores enter in through nasal passageway.

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15
Q

Aspergillus fumigatus

A

Found in the environment, most common fungal contaminant in the lab, causes respiratory disease.

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16
Q

What are DERMatophytes?

A

moulds that infect the superficial layers of skin and can be transmitted from human host to human host.

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17
Q

What is tinea unguium?

A

Infection of the nails

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18
Q

What is a dimorphic mould?

A

It is a fungus that has the propensity to present itself in two different forms: as a mold at room temperature to slightly elevated temperatures, and as a yeast above 37 deg C.

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19
Q

Blastomyces dermatitidis

A

Endemic in Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio river valley. Primarily infects the skin, bone, and the lungs.

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20
Q

Coccidioidis immitis

A

Found in dry, arid areas. Respiratory infection that resolves rapidly.

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21
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum

A

Cave disease, associated with fowl excreta (chickens, bats, pigeons.) Most cases are asymptomatic but it does affect the lungs.

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22
Q

Sporothrix schenkii

A

Prick your finger on a plant’s thorn or get a sliver. Associated with decaying plants.

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23
Q

What is transient bacteremia?

A

It lasts minutes to hours. Dental (90%), GU, and GI procedures (each 50%). May be initial manifestation of focal infection such as pneumonia, osteomyelitis, meningitis, arthritis.

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24
Q

What is intermittent bacteremia?

A

Periodic seeding from undrained or inadequately treated focus.

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25
Q

What is continuous bacteremia?

A

Intravascular infection such as endocarditis, vascular access infection, septic thrombophlebitis.

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26
Q

For intermittent bacteria when does the highest yield occur?

A

in the 2 hours preceding clinical symptoms

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27
Q

For most infections how many blood cultures should be drawn?

A

2 blood cultures. For possible endocarditis draw 3 blood cultures separated in time by at least 30 minutes.

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28
Q

How much blood should be drawn for a blood culture?

A

20-30mL of blood volume is ideal.

29
Q

What are some leading causes of bacteremia?

A

Staph. aureus, E. coli, Candida albicans, coagulase negative Staph.

30
Q

What is meningitis?

A

Infection of the meninges.

31
Q

What is encephalitis?

A

Infection of the brain. May be acute, subacute, or chronic. May be infections, non-infections, or post-infectious.

32
Q

Who is at risk to bacterial meningitis?

A

Everyone is at risk because it is usually caused by normal flora, but males are slightly more at risk, and those under the age of 15.

33
Q

What pathogens cause bacterial meningitis?

A

Staph. aureus, Neisseria meningitis, Strep. pneumoniae, Haemophilus influezae.

34
Q

Are antibiotics necessary for aseptic meningitis?

A

No because aseptic meningitis is viral meningitis and antibiotics don’t do anything for viruses.

35
Q

What is HAP, HCAP, VAP, and CAP?

A

Hospital acquired pneumonia, healthcare acquired pneumonia, ventilator acquired pneumonia, and community acquired pneumonia.

36
Q

What are the risk factors for community acquired pneumonia?

A

Oldest and youngest in age, alcohol abuse, institutionalization, coexisting illnesses.

37
Q

How can you test and diagnose Community acquired pneumonia?

A

X-rays, sputum gram stain/culture, blood cultures, antigen detection, serology, molecular tests.

38
Q

What percentage of patients produce a good sputum specimen?

A

Only about 50%

39
Q

What are the main CAP etiological agents?

A

Strep. pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella, etc.

40
Q

What is the most commonly identified pathogenic cause of community acquired pneumonia?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae. (2/3 of bacteremic pneumonia)

41
Q

How is CAP spread by Haemophilus Influenzae?

A

mostly by droplet or direct contact.

42
Q

What is the main cause of “Walking pneumonia?”

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

43
Q

There are three main types of Influeza. What are the two main types?

A

Types A and B

44
Q

Which influenza is responsible for epidemics?

A

Only Influenza type A

45
Q

What is the test of choice for Influenza testing?

A

PCR

46
Q

What is folliculitis?

A

minor infection associated with friction and sweat gland activity

47
Q

What is a furuncle?

A

It is an abscess in the area of a hair follicle

48
Q

What is a carbuncle?

A

It is a multiloculated abscess

49
Q

What is impetigo?

A

infection of the epidermis - “honey crust”

50
Q

What is cellulitis?

A

Infection of the dermis..subcutaneous.

51
Q

What is necrotizing fasciitis?

A

It is an enzyme producing bacteria that digests the fascial barriers and causes tissue necrosis.

52
Q

What is crepitus?

A

It is a feeling as if there were rice krispies under the skin

53
Q

Abscess of skin + pus

A

Staph. aureus

54
Q

Abscess of mouth/rectum/vagina

A

Think polymicrobial

55
Q

Cellulitis and Erysipelas

A

Strep. pyogenes (Group A strep)

56
Q

Bacteriuria

A

Bacteria in the urine

57
Q

Dysuria

A

Pain upon urination

58
Q

Pyuria

A

Pus in the urine

59
Q

Cystitis

A

Infection of the BLADDER

60
Q

Urethritis

A

Infection of the URETHRA

61
Q

Prostatitis

A

Infection of the Prostate Gland

62
Q

Lower urinary tract

A

refers to the bladder, urethra, and the prostate in males

63
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Infection of the kidneys (Upper Urinary Tract)

64
Q

If there is flank pain and fever you can almost always bet that the patient has what type of UTI?

A

Pyelonephritis (Upper UTI)

65
Q

Urethritis is usually caused by an STD, true or false?

A

TRUE

66
Q

What pathogen causes 95% of all UTI

A

E. coli

67
Q

What is the most commonly contaminated urine specimen collection?

A

“Clean catch”

68
Q

What are the rules regarding collection of urine from a catheter?

A

Never collect a specimen directly from the catheter bag, never culture the catheter tip.

69
Q

True or false, urine should be tested within 2 hours otherwise it needs to be refrigerated for a maximum of 24 hours.

A

TRUE

70
Q

What is true infection of a UTI?

A

> 10^5 CFU/mL of a single bacterial species in a symptomatic patient.