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Science Test > Second Semester Exam > Flashcards

Second Semester Exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Define antibody.

A

A protein made by B cells that bind to a specific antigen.

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1
Q

Define pathogen.

A

A microorganism, another organism, a virus, or a protein that causes disease.

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2
Q

Define mutagen.

A

Environmental factors that cause mutations or changes in the DNA.

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3
Q

Define noninfectious disease.

A

A disease caused by hereditary and environmental factors that cannot be spread from person to person.

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4
Q

Define nutrient.

A

A substance in food that provides energy or helps form body tissues and that is necessary for life and growth.

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5
Q

Define obesity.

A

The state of having a significant amount of excess body fat and the state of weighing 20% above ones recommended body weight.

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6
Q

Define brain.

A

The organ that is the main control center of the nervous system.

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7
Q

Define tendon.

A

A tough, connective, tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone or to another body part.

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8
Q

Define homeostasis.

A

The maintenance of a constant internal state in a changing environment.

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9
Q

Define virus.

A

Tiny particles that have their own genetic material but depend on other living things to reproduce.

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10
Q

Define cancer.

A

A group of diseases in which cells divide at an uncontrollable rate.

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11
Q

Define autoimmune disease.

A

A disease in which the immune system attacks the body’s own cells.

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12
Q

Define vaccine.

A

A substance prepared from killed or weakened pathogens or from genetic material and that is introduced into the body to produce immunity.

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13
Q

Define peristalsis.

A

Waves of muscle contractions that move food into the stomach.

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14
Q

Define muscle.

A

The tissue that contracts and relaxes, making movement possible.

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15
Q

Define aerobic exercise.

A

Raises heart and breathing rates.

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16
Q

Define anaerobic exercises.

A

Intense muscle activity for a short time.

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17
Q

Define nephrons.

A

The unit in the kidneys that filters blood.

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18
Q

Define endocrine system.

A

A collection of glands and groups of cells that secrete hormones that regulate growth, development, and homeostasis.

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19
Q

Define joint.

A

A place where two or more bones meet.

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20
Q

Define immunity.

A

The ability to resist or recover from an infectious disease.

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21
Q

Define kidneys.

A

One of the organs that filters wastes from the blood, excretes products as urine, and regulate the concentration of certain substances in the blood.

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22
Q

Define lymph.

A

The clear, watery fluid that leaks from blood vessels and contains white blood cells.

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23
Q

Define skeletal muscle.

A

Attached to your bones and allows you to move.

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24
Q

Define Anorexia Nervosa.

A

An eating disorder characterized by self-starvation and an intense fear of gaining weight.

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25
Q

Define enzymes.

A

A type of protein that speeds up metabolic reactions in plants and animals without being permanently changed or destroyed.

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26
Q

Define Bulimia Nervosa.

A

Characterized by binge eating followed by induced vomiting.

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27
Q

Function of liver.

A

Makes and releases a mixture called bile that is stored in the gall bladder.

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28
Q

Function of urinary system.

A

Collects cellular wastes and eliminates it from the body in the form of urine.

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29
Q

Function of the excretory system.

A

Collects and excretes nitrogenous wastes and excess water from the body in the form of urine.

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30
Q

Function of the nervous system.

A

Controls the actions and reactions of the body in response to stimuli in the environment.

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31
Q

Function of the male reproductive system.

A

To produce sperm and deliver sperm to the female reproductive system.

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32
Q

Function of the skeletal system.

A

To support and protect the body and allow it to move.

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33
Q

Function of tendons.

A

To connect a bone to a muscle.

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34
Q

Function of bones.

A

Provide protection to organs, store minerals, provide support for the body, make it possible to sit and stand upright, produce blood cells, and attach to muscles for movement.

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35
Q

Function of integumentary system.

A

Serves as the protective covering of the body.

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36
Q

Function of T cells.

A

To coordinate the immune system and to attack infected body cells.

37
Q

Function of digestive system.

A

To break down food so it can be used by the body.

38
Q

Function of ureters.

A

To connect the kidneys to the bladder.

39
Q

Function of esophagus.

A

To connect the pharynx to the stomach.

40
Q

Function of large intestine.

A

To remove water from the mostly digested food and to turn it into semisolid waste called feces.

41
Q

Function of small intestine.

A

To break down food and to absorb nutrients.

42
Q

Function of the circulatory system.

A

To move fluids around the body and to protect it from disease.

43
Q

Function of alveoli.

A

Air is sucked into and forced out of the alveoli.

44
Q

Function of lymphatic system.

A

To collect the fluid that leaks from blood and return it to the blood vessels.

45
Q

Function of cardiovascular system.

A

To transport blood around the body.

46
Q

Function of uterus.

A

To provide a place where an embryo develops into a fetus.

47
Q

Function of Fallopian tubes.

A

To connect the ovary to the uterus.

48
Q

Function of bone marrow.

A

To produce blood cells and to store fat.

49
Q

Function of cartilage.

A

Allows bones to move smoothly across each other.

50
Q

Function of tears.

A

To wash out pathogens entering the eye.

51
Q

Function of T cells.

A

To coordinate the immune system and attack infected cells.

52
Q

Function of B cells.

A

To make antibodies that destroy pathogens.

53
Q

Function of the endocrine system.

A

To secrete hormones that regulate growth, development, and homeostasis.

54
Q

Function of cartilage at a growth plate.

A

To continue to make new cells.

55
Q

Function of motor neurons.

A

To move impulses from the brain and the spinal cord to other parts of the body.

56
Q

Function of the pituitary gland.

A

To secrete hormones that affect other glands and stimulates growth and sexual development.

57
Q

Function of E. Coli.

A

To help the body break down and digest the food you eat.

58
Q

Function of carbohydrates.

A

To provide energy for the body.

59
Q

Function of fats.

A

To provide energy, to store and transport vitamins, to produce hormones, and to make cell membranes.

60
Q

Function of protein.

A

To build, regulate, and repair the body.

61
Q

Function of vitamins.

A

To help the body carry out specific functions.

62
Q

Function of minerals.

A

To form important parts of many cell structures.

63
Q

Function of water.

A

Needed to perform all life processes in the body.

64
Q

Parts of the respiratory system.

A

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi/bronchioles, alveolus/alveoli.

65
Q

Parts of the female reproductive system.

A

Fallopian tubes, uterus, ovary, vagina.

66
Q

Parts of the nervous system.

A

Central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS).

67
Q

Parts of the skeletal system.

A

Bones, ligaments, cartilage.

68
Q

Parts of neuron.

A

Cell body, dendrite, axon, axon terminal.

69
Q

Parts of CNS.

A

Brain, spinal cord.

70
Q

Parts of PNS.

A

Sensory part, motor part.

71
Q

Process for fighting viruses.

A

1) Virus enters the body and the macrophage engulfs it. 2) the helper T cells activate the B cells and the killer T cells. 3) B cells release antibodies that attach to the antigens and destroy the pathogens. 4) killer T cells destroy body cells infected with the virus.

72
Q

Give examples of external defenses.

A

Skin, hair (eyelashes and ear hairs), nails (protect fingertips and toes), sweat and oil glands, mucus (produced by mucous membranes), saliva.

73
Q

Give examples of internal defenses

A

Fever and inflammation.

74
Q

Examples of non infectious diseases.

A

Type 1 diabetes, hemophilia, cancer.

75
Q

Examples of viral diseases.

A

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), common cold, influenza.

76
Q

Examples of infectious disease.

A

HIV, cold, flu, tuberculosis, strep throat, diarrheal illness, sinus infections, athletes foot, ringworm, malaria, giardiasis, salmonella, AIDS, hepatitis C, Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, rabies.

77
Q

Examples of mutagens.

A

X-rays, cigarette smoke, air pollutants, UV rays in the sunlight.

78
Q

Examples of sensory receptors.

A

Hair cells, olfactory cells, sensations.

79
Q

Examples of fungal diseases.

A

Athletes foot and ringworm.

80
Q

Disorders of the immune system.

A

Allergies, cancer, immune deficiency disorders, autoimmune diseases.

81
Q

What is a heart attack?

A

When an artery supplying blood to the heart becomes blocked, oxygen cannot reach the heart muscle and the person may have a heart attack.

82
Q

What is immune deficiency?

A

When the immune system fails to develop properly or becomes weakened.

83
Q

What is influenza?

A

A disease caused by a family of viruses that can be passed through the air or from person to person.

84
Q

What is obesity?

A

The state of weighing 20% above ones recommended body weight and the state of having a significant amount of excess body fat.

85
Q

Is it likely that you will get chicken pox a second time?

A

No because your body produced memory cells to fight the disease because you already had chicken pox.

86
Q

What are some bacterial diseases?

A

Tuberculosis, strep throat, diarrheal illness, sinus infections.

87
Q

What is asthma?

A

A condition in which the airways are narrowed due to inflammation of the bronchi.

88
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

Inflammation of the lungs that is usually caused by bacteria or viruses.

89
Q

What is tuberculosis?

A

A lung disease caused by bacteria that weakens the lungs and body.

90
Q

What do antibiotics treat?

A

Bacteria and other microorganisms, such as fungi.

Science Test (4 decks)

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