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Science Test: Lessons 1-3 Flashcards

0
Q

Define Muscular System.

A

An organ system whose primary function is movement and flexibility.

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1
Q

Define homeostasis.

A

The maintenance of a constant internal state in a changing environment.

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2
Q

Define the Skeletal System.

A

An organ system whose primary function is to support and protect the body and allow it to move.

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3
Q

Define Respiratory System.

A

A collection of organs whose primary function is to take in oxygen and to expel carbon dioxide; the organs in this system include the lungs, throat, and passageways that lead to the lungs.

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4
Q

Define Male Reproductive System.

A

Produces sperm and delivers it to the female reproductive system.

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5
Q

Define female reproductive system.

A

Produces eggs and nourishes a developing fetus.

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6
Q

Define the cardiovascular system.

A

A collection of organs that transport blood throughout the body; the organs in this system include the heart, arteries, and veins

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7
Q

Define the lymphatic system.

A

A network of organs and tissue that collect the fluid that leaks from blood and returns it to the blood vessels; organs in this system include the lymph nodes, lymph vessels, and lymph; the place where white blood cells mature.

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8
Q

Define the endocrine system.

A

A collection of glands and groups of cells that secrete hormones that regulate growth, development, and homeostasis; includes the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, hypothalamus, pineal body, and the gonads.

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9
Q

Define the integumentary system

A

The protective covering of the body; organs in this system include the skin, hair and nails; part of the immune system and protects body from infection

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10
Q

Define the excretory system.

A

The system that collects and excretes nitrogenous wastes and excess water from the body in the form of urine.

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11
Q

Define the digestive system.

A

The organs that can break down food so it can be used by the body.

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12
Q

Define the nervous system.

A

The structures that control the actions and the reactions of the body in response to stimuli in the environment; it is formed by billions of nerve cells called neurons.

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13
Q

What do the body systems do?

A

Body systems help all living things get energy, move, reproduce, get rid of waste, and protect the body. The body systems coordinate all the functions of the body.

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14
Q

How are structure and function linked?

A

The shape and size of cells are related to their function. For example, sperm cells have long tails so they can move. Also, nerve cells are long and thin so that they can send messages long distances.

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15
Q

What are the two ways that body systems work together?

A

They share organs and they communicate.

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16
Q

How do body systems share organs?

A

The reproductive organs are part of the reproductive system and the endocrine system. The liver is part of the digestive system as well as the excretory system.

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17
Q

How do body systems communicate?

A

There are two ways that body systems communicate. Through electrical and chemical messages. The electrical messages are from the nervous system and the chemical signals are from the endocrine system.

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18
Q

What are two ways that body systems maintain homeostasis?

A

By responding to change and maintaining a balance.

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19
Q

Explain how body systems respond to change.

A

When outside conditions change, the body systems have to work together to maintain homeostasis. For example, if the body cells get too cold, they could die. So, if the brain senses the body temperature is too low it tells the muscles to shiver which creates heat.

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20
Q

Explain how body systems maintain a balance.

A

To maintain homeostasis, the body systems have to recognize that conditions are changing and respond to it in the right way. The electrical messages from the nervous systems and the chemical signals from the endocrine system tell the body what changes to make.

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21
Q

What are two things that can go wrong with homeostasis?

A

Structure or function diseases, and pathogens and disease.

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22
Q

Explain structure or function diseases in homeostasis.

A

Problems with the structure or function of cells, tissue or organs can effect the body. For example, diabetes is a disease that effects cell function.

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23
Q

Explain pathogens and disease in homeostasis.

A

When the body cannot maintain homeostasis it is easier for pathogens to invade the body. Pathogens can also cause disruption to homeostasis. For example, tuberculosis is a lung disease that weakens the lungs and the body.

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24
Define skeletal system.
An organ system whose primary function is to support and protect the body and allow it to move.
25
Define ligament.
A type of tissue that holds together the bones in a joint.
26
Define joint.
A place a where two or more bones meet.
27
Define muscular system.
The organ system whose primary function is movement and flexibility.
28
Define tendon.
A tough connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone or to another body part.
29
What are the main functions of the skeletal system?
Protection, storage, support, blood cell production, movement.
30
Explain protection of the skeletal system.
Bones provide protection to your organs. For example, your ribs protect your heart and lungs, and your skull protects your brain.
31
Explain the storage of the skeletal system.
The harder, outer layer of bone, called compact bone, stores important minerals such as calcium. These minerals are necessary for nerves and muscles to work properly.
32
Explain the support of the skeletal system.
Bones provide support for the body and make it possible to sit and stand upright.
33
Explain blood cell production of the skeletal system.
In the center of the bones is a soft tissue called marrow. Red marrow is where red and white blood cells are produced. Red marrow is found in the ribs, pelvis, or skull.
34
Explain movement of the skeletal system.
Bones play an important role in movement by providing a place where muscles can attach. Muscles pull on bones to move the body.
35
What are the parts of the skeletal system?
Bones, ligaments and cartilage.
36
Explain bones.
Bones have blood vessels that supply nutrients and nerves which signal pain.
37
Explain ligaments.
The tough, flexible, connective tissue that holds bones together is called a ligament. Ligaments allow movement and are found at the ends of bones.
38
Explain cartilage.
Cartilage is a strong, flexible and smooth connective tissue found at the end of the bone. It allows bones to move smoothly across each other.
39
What are bones made of?
Minerals, connective tissue, and marrow.
40
Explain minerals.
Calcium is the most plentiful mineral in bones. The minerals in bones are deposited by bone cells called osteoblasts. Minerals such as calcium make the bones strong and hard.
41
Explain connective tissue.
The connective tissue in bones is made mostly of protein and collagen. Minerals make the bones strong and hard, but the collagen in bones allows them to flexible enough to withstand knocks and bumps.
42
Explain marrow.
Bones contain a soft tissue called marrow. There are two types of marrow: Red marrow is where red and white blood cells are produced. Yellow marrow stores fat in the center of long bones.
43
How do bones grow?
When a baby is born most of the bones are cartilage. As the baby grows, the cartilage is replaced by bone. The long bones lengthen at their ends in areas called growth plates. Growth plates are areas of cartilage that continue to make new cells. Bone cells, called osteocytes, move into the cartilage, hardening it and changing it into bone.
44
How are bones connected? Explain.
They are connected by joints. Bones are connected to each other in joints by strong, flexible ligaments. The ends of the bones are covered by cartilage. Cartilage helps cushion where the two bones meet. Some joints, called fixed joints, allow little or no movement. The skull is a fixed joint. Some joints, called moveable joints, allow movement.
45
What are some injuries and disorders of the skeletal system?
Fractures, osteoporosis, sprains, arthritis
46
Explain fractures.
Bones may be fractured or broken. Bones can be broken by a high-force impact such as falling off a bike.
47
Explain osteoporosis.
A disease that causes bone tissue to become thin. The bones become more weak and break easily.
48
Explain sprains.
A sprain is an injury to a ligament that is caused by stretching a joint too far.
49
Explain arthritis.
A disease that causes a joint to swell, stiffen and become painful. It might also cause the joint to become misshapen.
50
What are the main functions of the muscular system?
Pump blood through the body, enable you to breathe, hold you upright, and allows you to move.
51
What are the three types of muscles?
Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and skeletal muscle.
52
Explain smooth muscle.
Found in internal organs and blood vessels. Smooth muscle is spindle shaped and fat in the middle with thin ends. Involuntary muscle.
53
Explain cardiac muscle.
The tissue that makes up your heart. It never gets tired. Involuntary muscle.
54
Explain skeletal muscle.
Attached to the bones and allows movement. Most skeletal muscles work in pairs. One muscle in the pair, called the flexor, bends the joint. The other, called the extensor, straightens the joint. When one muscle in the pair contracts, the other relaxes to allow movement. Voluntary muscle.
55
Explain muscle strains and tears.
Muscle strains and tears: A strain is a muscle injury in which the muscle is overstretched or torn.
56
Explain muscle dystrophy.
Muscle dystrophy: A hereditary disease that causes skeletal muscles to become weaker over time.
57
Explain tendonitis.
Tendinitis: Occurs when tendons become inflamed or even torn when muscles are overused.
58
What are the benefits of exercise?
Muscle strength, muscle endurance, flexibility.
59
Explain muscle strength.
Muscle Strength: Resistance exercises help improve muscle strength by building skeletal muscle and increasing muscle power. Resistance exercises are also called anaerobic exercises because the muscle cells contract without using any oxygen.
60
Explain muscle endurance.
Muscle Endurance: Endurance exercises allow muscles to contract for a longer time without getting tired. Endurance exercises are also called aerobic exercises because the muscle cells use oxygen when contracting.
61
Explain flexibility.
Flexibility: Flexibility refers to a full range of motion of a joint. Stretching exercises improve flexibility of a joint. Having good flexibility can help prevent ligament, tendon, and muscle injuries.
63
Define blood
The fluid that carries gases, nutrients, and wastes through the body and that is made of platelets, white blood cells, red blood cells and plasma.
64
Define lymphatic system
A network of organs and tissue that collect the fluid that leaks from blood and returns it to blood vessels; includes lymph nodes, lymph vessels, and lymph; the place where certain white blood cells mature.
65
Define lymph
The clear, watery fluid that leaks from blood vessels and contains white blood cells; circulates in the lymphatic system; returned to blood stream through lymph vessels.
66
Define Lymph Node
Small, bean-shaped masses of tissue that remove pathogens and dead cells from the lymph; concentrated in the armpits, neck and groin; high concentration of white blood cells found in lymph nodes.
67
Define artery
A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to the rest of the body's organs.
68
Define capillary
A tiny blood vessel that allows an exchange between blood and cells in the tissue.
69
Define vein
In biology; a vessel that carries blood to the heart
70
Define respiratory system
A collection of organs whose primary function is to take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide; the organs of this system include the lungs, throat, and the passageways that lead to the lungs.
71
Define pharynx
The part of the respiratory system that extends from the mouth into the larynx.
72
Define larnyx
The part of the respiratory between the pharynx and the trachea; has walls of cartilage and muscle and contains the vocal chords.
73
Define trachea
Thin-walled tube that extends from the larynx to the bronchi; carries air to the lungs; also called windpipe.
74
Define bronchi
One of the two main branches of the trachea that lead directly to the lungs.
75
Define alveoli
Tiny, thin-walled, capillary-rich sac in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place; also called air sac.
76
What is the circulatory system made up of?
The cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system
77
Define the cardiovascular system
Your heart, blood, and blood vessels make up your cardiovascular system; they transport blood around your body. The cardiovascular system is a closed circulatory system; the blood is carried in vessels that form a closed loop.
78
Define the lymphatic system
The lymphatic system is a collection of organs and tissue that collects the fluid that leaks from blood and returns it to the blood. The leaked fluid is called lymph. The lymphatic system is an open circulatory system; lymph can move in and out of the vessels.
79
What are the parts of the lymphatic system?
lymph nodes, lymph vessels, bone marrow, tonsils, thymus, spleen
80
Define lymph vessels
Thin-walled vessels of the lymphatic system. They carry lymph to the lymph nodes. From the lymph nodes, the fluid is returned to the cardiovascular system through the lymph vessels.
81
Define bone marrow
Soft tissue inside of bones where blood cells are produced.
82
Define tonsils
Small lymphatic organs at the back of the throat and tongue. The tonsils at the back of the throat are the most visible. Tonsils help defend the body against infection.
83
Define thymus
An organ in the chest. Some white blood cells made in the bone marrow finish developing in the thymus. The thymus gets smaller as the person gets older. It is also part of the endocrine system.
84
Define spleen
Largest lymphatic organ. It stores white blood cells and allows them to mature.
85
What are some injuries and disorders of the lymphatic system?
Lymphoma, Lymphedema, filariasis, and the bubonic plague
86
Explain lymphoma.
Type of cancer that begins in the lymph nodes. Causes swelling in the tumor.
87
Explain Lymphedema
Swelling of body tissues caused by a blockage or injury of the lymph vessels.
88
Explain filariasis.
A disease caused by threadlike worms called nematodes. The nematodes may enter lymphatic vessels and block them, preventing lymph from moving around the body.
89
Explain the bubonic plague.
Bacterial infection of the lymphatic system. The bacteria can enter the body through a bite of an infected flea. The bacteria grows inside the lymph nodes, causing the nodes to swell.
90
What are the parts of the cardiovascular system?
Heart, blood, blood vessels.
91
Explain the heart.
The pump that sends blood through the body. Contains the right and left atrium and the right and left ventricle. The atrium is at the top and the ventricle is at the bottom.
92
Explain blood.
A type of connective tissue that is part of the cardiovascular system. It serves as a transport system, providing supplies for cells, carrying chemical messages, and removing wastes so that cells can maintain homeostasis.
93
Explain blood vessel.
Tubes in which blood travels throughout the body. Three types of blood vessels: arteries, capillaries, veins. An artery is a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart. A capillary is a tiny blood vessel that allows an exchange between body cells and blood. A vein is a blood vessel that carries blood to the heart.
94
How does blood move through the body?
Blood moves in circuits.
95
How does blood move in circuits?
Blood moves in two circuits. Polmunary circulation and systemic circulation. The flow of blood between the heart and the lungs is called polmunary circulation. The circulation of blood between the heart and the rest of the body is called systemic circulation.
96
How does circulation help maintain a stable body temperature?
When the brain recognizes that the body temperature is rising, it signals blood vessels in the skin to widen. When the brain recognizes that the body temperature is too cold, it signals that blood vessels near the skin to get narrower.
97
What are some problems that effect the cardiovascular system?
Atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart attacks and strokes.
98
Explain atherosclerosis.
Hardening of the artery walls caused by build up of cholesterol and other lipids.
99
Explain hypertension.
Abnormally high blood pressure.
100
Explain heart attacks and strokes.
A heart attack happens when an artery that supplies blood to the heart becomes blocked and the heart muscle tissue that depends on that blood supply does not get oxygen. A stroke can happen when a blood vessel in the brain becomes blocked or bursts.
101
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
To take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide.
102
Explain how the respiratory system takes in oxygen.
When a person inhales, air is drawn into the lungs. Oxygen in the air moves into the blood from the lungs. The oxygen-rich blood flowing away from the lungs is carried to all the cells in the body.
103
Explain how the respiratory system expels carbon dioxide.
When a person exhales carbon dioxide is released from the body. Carbon dioxide is a waste product of cellular respiration, and the body needs to get rid of it.
104
What are some disorders of the respiratory system?
Asthma, pneumonia, emphysema.
105
Explain asthma.
A condition where the airways are narrowed due to inflammation of the bronchi.
106
Explain pneumonia.
An inflammation of the lungs that is usually caused by bacteria or viruses.
107
Explain emphysema.
Occurs when the alveoli have been damaged.
142
Define cardiovascular system
A collection of organs that transport blood throughout the body; the organs in this system include the heart, the arteries, and the veins.

Science Test (4 decks)

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