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Final Exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What are the three types of gymnosperms?

A

Cycads, ginkgoes, conifers.

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1
Q

Define gymnosperm.

A

A woody, vascular seed plant whose seeds are not enclosed by an ovary or fruit.

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2
Q

What are cycads?

A

They live in the tropics, have short stems, and palm-like leaves. They also produce seeds on large, protective cones. There are only about 140 species of cycads that still exist.

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3
Q

What are ginkgoes?

A

Ginkgoes are pollution tolerant and used to make many medicines. Only the Ginkgo biloba is still alive today. Its leaves are fan-shaped, and it’s seeds are not covered by a cone.

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4
Q

What is a conifer?

A

Most common type of gymnosperm. This group includes pine trees, redwoods, cedars, and junipers. They produce seeds in a cone, have needle like leaves, and stay green all year.

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5
Q

Define binary fission.

A

A form of asexual reproduction in single celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size.

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6
Q

Define lichen.

A

A partnership between a fungus and a green alga or cyanobacterium.

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7
Q

What are the levels of classification in order?

A

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.

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8
Q

Who is Carolous Linnaeus?

A

A scientist who simplified the naming of living things and gave each animal a two part scientific name. Genus-species

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9
Q

What is domain Eukarya?

A

In a modern, taxonomic system; a domain made of all eukaryotes and aligns with the traditional kingdoms Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia.

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10
Q

What are the three questions that scientists ask to classify a living thing into a kingdom?

A

Is it single celled or multicellular?
How does it reproduce?
Does it make its own food or does it get it from the environment?

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11
Q

Explain Kingdom Protista.

A

Single celled and multicellular
Reproduces sexually and asexually
Heterotrophs and autotrophs

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12
Q

Explain Kingdom Plantae.

A

Multicellular
Reproduces sexually and asexually
Makes it own food through the process of photosynthesis-autotrophic

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13
Q

Explain Kingdom Fungi.

A

Single celled and multicellular
Reproduces sexually and asexually
Autotrophic

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14
Q

Explain kingdom Animalia.

A

Multicellular
Reproduces sexually and asexually
Heterotrophic

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15
Q

Define taxonomy.

A

The process of naming, classifying, and describing living things.

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16
Q

Define fossil.

A

The remains or imprints of once living organisms.

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17
Q

Define evolution.

A

change over time

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18
Q

define variation

A

the occurrence of hereditary and nonhereditary differences between different individuals of a population.

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19
Q

define artificial selection

A

the human practice of breeding animals or plants that have certain desired traits.

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20
Q

define population

A

all of the individuals of a species that live in an area at the same time.

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21
Q

define natural selection

A

the process by which individuals who are better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce more successfully than others.

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22
Q

what are the characteristics of all living things?

A

Use energy, grow and mature, respond to their environment, reproduce, and have cells

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23
Q

what are 4 things that all living things need to survive?

A

food, air, water, shelter

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24
Q

define DNA

A

a molecule that is present in all living cells and that contains the information that determines the traits that a living thing inherits and needs to survive.

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25
Q

define permian mass extinction

A

a mass extinction that occurred at the end of the Paleozoic era and that wiped out about 96% of all marine species

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26
Q

Define percambrian time

A

occurred 4.6 billion years ago and ended about 532 million years ago. prokaryotes were the dominant life form and they lived without oxygen. Cyanobacterium started to evolve and oxygen formed.

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27
Q

define the mesozoic era

A

lasted 185.5 years and is called age of the reptiles and middle life. dinosaurs and reptiles evolved from the paleozoic era. mass extinction occurred with either a flood or an asteroid. wiped out the dinosaurs.

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28
Q

define the cenozoic era.

A

started 65 million years ago and continues today. it is called recent life. birds, mammals, and flowering plants dominate the earth and primates evolved.

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29
Q

define the paleozoic era.

A

means ancient life. the permain mass extinction. began 542 million years ago and ended 251 million years ago. rocks were rich in soil and fish and sharks appeared during this era.

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30
Q

define photosynthesis

A

the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to make food.

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31
Q

What are the two life stages of a plant?

A

the gametophyte stage and the sporophyte stage

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32
Q

explain the sporophyte stage.

A

two plants produce spores that are identical to the parents. the spores find a suitable environment such as damp soil and grow into a gametophyte.

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33
Q

explain the gametophyte

A

the male sex cell is called a sperm and the female sex cell is called an egg. the sperm fertilizes the egg and the egg grows into a sporophyte, the cycle then repeats.

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34
Q

what are invertebrates

A

animals with no backbones

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35
Q

what are the different kinds of invertebrates?

A

echinoderms, cnidarians, ctenophores, porifera, arthropoda, annelida, nematoda, mollusca, platyhelminthes

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36
Q

define archaea

A

a domain made of all prokaryotes most of which are known to live in extreme environments. they are distinguished from other prokaryotes in differences in their genetics and the makeup of their cell walls.

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37
Q

define bacteria

A

a domain made of all prokaryotes that have a cell wall and reproduce by cell division

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38
Q

what are the three shapes of bacteria

A

rod, spiral, round

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39
Q

what is the function of rod bacteria

A

they absorb nutrients quickly

40
Q

what is the function of spiral bacteria

A

they move like corkscrews

41
Q

what is the function of round bacteria

A

they do not dry out quickly

42
Q

define conjugation

A

one of the ways that bacteria can exchange DNA is through conjugation. There are two organisms: the donor and the recipient. The donor has a chromosome and a plasmid and the recipient has a chromosome. The donor and the recipient create a conjugation bridge to transfer the plasmid from the donor to the recipient, now both organisms are donors.

43
Q

define mychorrizae

A

a symbiotic association between fungi and plant roots

44
Q

explain the partnerships between fungi and other organisms

A

the plants or organisms provide nutrients for the plant and in return the fungus will provide the plant or organism with absorbing minerals.

45
Q

explain the scientific name for all animals

A

the genus name will come first and then the species name

46
Q

what are some physical characteristics of animals

A

scientists look at physical characteristics such as skeletal structure.

47
Q

what are some chemical characteristics

A

scientists study DNA and RNA. they study mutations and genetic similarities to find relationships among animals.

48
Q

define adaptations

A

a characteristic that improves an individuals ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.

49
Q

What did charles darwin study on the Galápagos Islands?

A

he studied finches and their beak size. he discovered that their beaks were different sizes based on their diets.

50
Q

define extinction

A

when all the members of a species dies

51
Q

what causes extinctions?

A

gradual changes in the environment can cause extinctions. catastrophic events such as an asteroid can cause mass extinctions.

52
Q

what are the four parts of natural selection?

A

overproduction, genetic variation, adaptation, selection

53
Q

explain mutation

A

a change in the nucleotide base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule

54
Q

what are producers?

A

organisms that make their own food

55
Q

what are decomposers?

A

organisms that break down dead organisms for food.

56
Q

what are consumers

A

organisms that get food from the environment

57
Q

define homeostasis

A

the maintenance of a constant internal state in a changing environment

58
Q

what is a stimulus

A

anything that causes a reaction or change in an organism or any part of an organism: gravity, light, sound, chemical, hunger

59
Q

explain relative dating

A

determines wether a fossil formed before or after another fossil

60
Q

explain absolute dating

A

estimates the age of a fossil in years

61
Q

why does a mass extinction occur?

A

every member of a species dies over a short period of time

62
Q

what are the two systems in vascular plants

A

the root system and the shoot system

63
Q

what is the root system made of

A

roots and other underground structures

64
Q

what is the shoot system made of

A

stems, leaves, and flowers

65
Q

what are the major organs in vascular plants

A

roots, stems, leaves

66
Q

what is the function of roots

A

they supply plants with minerals from the soil and it also holds the plant in place

67
Q

what is the function of stems

A

they transport water and minerals from the roots up to the leaves

68
Q

what is the function of leaves

A

they make food for the plant by photosynthesis

69
Q

explain stomata

A

openings in leaves

70
Q

explain cell differentiation

A

the cells in a multicellular organisms develop into different cells

71
Q

what animals are in the group cnidaria

A

polyp: sea anemone medusa: jellyfish

72
Q

why is animal movement important

A

animals need to move to find food, shelter, and mates

73
Q

explain the lytic cycle

A

the virus injects its DNA into the host cell. they then take over the host cell. the host cell then follows the instructions coded in the viruses DNA. the host cell creates new protein parts for the virus and when the virus is ready it bursts out(lysis) and finds a new host cell.

74
Q

define prokaryote

A

single celled organisms that lack a nucleus in their cells

75
Q

define eukaryote

A

made of cells that have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

76
Q

what are the three types of protists

A

plant like, fungus like, animal like

77
Q

explain plant like protists

A

they are producers, single celled and free floating. multicellular plant like protists are called algae

78
Q

explain fungus like protists

A

cannot move, decomposers, produce spores for reproduction

79
Q

explain animal like fungus

A

can move, consumers, some bones that are used for movement help aid getting food

80
Q

explain club fungus

A

mushrooms, smuts, rusts, puffballs, bracket fungi. they produce spores.

81
Q

define mycellium

A

hyphae form a twisted mass called mycelium at the bottom of the mushrooms

82
Q

what are some facts about protists

A

protists are a very diverse group of organisms

83
Q

how are bacteria and archaea different

A

they differ from each other in their genetics and the makeup of their cell wall

84
Q

how does a fossil form

A

the fossil is covered by layers of sediment and the sediment hardens so the fossil hardens

85
Q

what are the three kinds of symmetry

A

asymmetry, radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry

86
Q

what makes glucose

A

chloroplasts use energy, along with carbon dioxide and water to make glucose

87
Q

what are vertebrates

A

animals with a backbone

88
Q

when are spores produced

A

sexual reproduction of protists, asexual reproduction of fungus, two stage life cycle of plants

89
Q

how did precambrian time effect the theory of the evolutionary process?

A

it effected the evolutionary process because the start of oxygen developed in the precambrian time, and oxygen has evolved up until now.

90
Q

how could an animal survive in a savanna ecosystem?

A

it could adapt to the environment with traits that help it. It would also need to maintain homeostasis if water was scarce.

91
Q

explain sexual reproduction in flowering plants

A

the seed forms within the ovary at the base of the pistil. As the seed matures, the ovary matures into a fruit which covers the seed.

92
Q

what are the four types of evidence for evolution

A

common structures, similar DNA, developmental similarities

93
Q

explain common structures

A

related organisms have common skeletal structure. scientists also consider similar structures with different structures

94
Q

explain similar DNA

A

because the DNA of an organism stays almost the same through their entire life they can compare DNA with other organisms

95
Q

explain developmental similarities

A

the study of development is called embryology. Scientists have compared the development in different species to look for similar patterns and structures.

96
Q

Explain adaptation and how it can allow something to survive.

A

Animals that inherit advantageous traits tend to reproduce and survive more successfully than others. the traits that animals inherit help the animal produce offspring and survive in different environments.

97
Q

Why are viruses not living?

A

No; they cannot perform life functions, they do not use energy from nutrients, they do not maintain homeostasis, they can’t grow or respond to stimuli, and they cannot reproduce.

Science Test (4 decks)

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