SECOND PRIORITY DISEASES Flashcards
1
Q
SECOND PRIORITY DISEASES
A
communicable diseases which are considered to be socio-economic and or public health importance and which are significant in the international trade of animals and animal products, animal feeds vet drugs and products
2
Q
Amendment to DA-BAI
A
DA-BAI AO No 12 s. 1992
3
Q
Aka Clostridial myositis
A
BLACKLEG
4
Q
BLACKLEG is Necrotizing myositis in ___ to __ animals
A
2 month to
2 year old
5
Q
what is the manifestation of blackleg?
A
Hind quarter lesions: Black
Quarter disease
6
Q
blackleg
A
- Acute febrile disease of cattle and sheep
- Present world wide
- Targets healthy heavily muscled animals
7
Q
what is the Etiologic agent of True blackleg
A
Clostridium chauvoei (gram -, spore forming)
8
Q
what is the Etiologic agent of false blackleg or malignant edema (secondary)
A
C. septicum and C. novyi (gram -, spore forming)
9
Q
more accurate term for false black leg?
A
malignant edema
10
Q
mode of transmission
A
soil-borne infection and spreads thru feces
flooding
excavation of soil
Carcasses of infected animals
open woumd
11
Q
clinical signs of blackleg
A
butyric odor is quite characteristic
Fever
● Swelling and pain
● Acute lameness
● Edema and crepitation of affected muscles
● Death 12-48 hours
12
Q
what dz with CS: butyric odor is quite characteristic
Fever
● Swelling and pain
● Acute lameness
● Edema and crepitation of affected muscles ● Death 12-48 hours
A
blackleg
13
Q
blackleg may occur to what species and how?
A
Sheep (trauma, birthing, vaccines, wound)
Cattle (Usually endogenous infection, no wounds or trauma but can also have wound infections, high temp and pr)
Buffaloes (Crepitus in affected muscle (swelling)
- Gas within the muscles)
14
Q
diagnosis of blackleg?
A
Bacteriology , Histology, Necropsy & Cs
fluorescent antibody test (FAT ata ung fast anf reliable)
15
Q
tx: first choice of antibiotics?
A
Penicillin (Usually unsuccessful)
16
Q
surgical debridement of blackleg
A
fasciotomy
17
Q
prevention of blackleg
A
Proper disposal of carcasses (deep burial
or burning of the carcass)
- Disinfection
- Vaccination (polyvalent bacterin)
18
Q
vaxx for blackleg?
A
polyvalent bacterin
19
Q
Primary source of reinfection of a herd with blackleg is?
A
Animals dying of blackleg
20
Q
spp causing bovine anaplasmosis
A
Anaplasma marginale
21
Q
used inn vax prep for bovine anaplasmosis
A
A. centrale
22
Q
Obligate intraerythrocytic parasite
A
Anaplasma spp.
23
Q
BOVINE ANAPLASMOSIS endemic in what areas
A
tropical and subtropical areas
24
Q
transmission of bovine anaplasmosis
A
Blood-transmitted (always the source of infection)
Reproduction within the tick vectors
Rhipicephalus / Boophilus microplus
Transplacental
Biting flies (tabanids)
Blood-contaminated fomites (use of contaminated needles, blood transfusion)
25
biological vectors of bovine anaplasmosis
tick (Rhipicephalus / Boophilus microplus)
26
diff ng bos taurus indicus vs Bos taurus taurus
Bos taurus indicus (tropical)
Bos taurus taurus (temperate) = no humps
27
breed of cattle more resistant to ticks
indicus
28
Susceptibility to_________: Breeds with black or red coat vs. white coat
Tabanid (biting flies):
29
breed with red coat and Inherent resistance to ticks and even in flies
Afrikaner
30
bovine anaplasmosis age susceptibility?
(old>>>young) mas suscep ang old
kasi Young develops immunity (if enzootic only kaso RARE ang enzootic)
31
Anemia
Fever
Jaundice
Due to accumulation of bilirubin resulting to yellowish coloration
Emaciation
Impaired infertility
what dz
bovine anaplasmosis
32
unconju cannot be excreted from the body (not soluble)
t or f
t
33
Needs to be conjugated wth _______in the liver
glucoronic acid
34
bilirubin Excreted via feces or kidneys called:
urobilirubin
35
Due to accumulation of bilirubin resulting to yellowish coloration
jaundice
36
Which disease does not cause affected cattle (hematuria, hemoglobinuria)
anaplasmosis
37
Used to detect small amounts of Anaplasma
Nucleic probe analysis
38
standard of clinincal patho of anaplasmosis
Serology
39
tx for anaplasmosis
Oxytet
Imidocarb
Estradiol cypionate
Blood transfusions (PCV >15%)
Good prognosis if PCV is still stable/high
40
for intracellular dz
target 30S subunit of organism
oxytet
41
if Rbc already degraded what happens
No hemoglobinuria
42
Also known as Redwater fever or Cattle tick fever
BOVINE BABESIOSIS
43
Inc breakdown of rbc before it is degraded by the spleen
red water or hemoglobinuria
44
Caused by _________
Transmitted by __________
Babesia spp.
ticks (Rhipicephalus / Boophilus microplus)
45
State wherein clinical dx occurs rarely or not at all
Endemic Stability
46
dz na possible ang Natural vaccination
bovine babesiosis
47
Umbrella term for anaplasmosis and babesiosis
Cattle tick fever:
48
Most common: b. Bigemina and b. Bovis
Most impt species sa_______
Major, divergens -____
More impt ay __________ Causes neurologic
tropical
temperate
bovis
49
spp prevalent also
babesia
Theileria orientalis
50
tx for babesiosis
Tx drug: Diminazene, imidocarb,
51
Test and slaughter
Bovine Tuberculosis
52
tx for tb
isoniazid
53
Chronic contagious disease Produces primary caseous nodules
TUBERCULOSIS
54
Lungs
- Pulmonary LN
- Develop in close, crowded and unsanitary
confinement
- Zoonotic
tb (M. tuberculosis)
55
Reverse zoonotic possible in TB t or f
t
56
cats and dogs are other sources of infection in tb t or f
t
57
in TB, Organism is excreted in:
Exhaled air
Sputum
Feces
Milk
58
#1 causative agent and cause is the consumption or
ingestion of raw milk (humans)
Mycobacterium bovis
59
via what ang tb sa aninmals?
inhalation
60
capricious appetitie
fluctuatuing temp
sluggish
abortion
orchiitis
mastiitis
tb
61
transmissionn ng tb
Inhalation
Direct contact
Ingestion: Contaminated feces in feed
62
Mode of entry ng tb
* GIT
* Skin
* Respiratory tract - #1 cause of mortality in animals
* Uterine vein in fetuses
63
Sources of infection
Contaminated milk
- Pasteurization temp kill tubercle bacilli
- Humans: ingestion of raw milk 1# cause of
mortality
* Contaminated feed and water * Sputum
* Saliva
* Urine
- Zoonotic; can also be reverse zoonosis (humans → cattle)
- Farm staff exposed may become infected * Feces
* Other animals (dog, cat)`
64
what dz
Production of pus and cheesy exudate occur (calcify)
↓
Encapsulation of lesions (granulation tissue and fibrous capsule)
↓
tb
65
Necropsy findings color carcass and intestinnes
Cattle - yellow
- Buffalo - white
- Others - grey
66
diagnosis of tb ?
Single intradermal test (SID)
comparative intradermal test
Isolation of organism
Ziehl - Neelsen technique
- Tuberculin skin testing
- PCR
67
saan may PPD and meaning
sa SID, purified protein derivative
68
type __ or delayed type
hypersensitivity
IV
69
Max sensitivity is observed in the
___; specificity: _______
neck, tail
69
- Disad: cannot identify the
causative agent (lack of specificity) in what diagnostic procedure?
SID
70
ano inniinject sa SID
tuberculinn
71
injection of tuberculin, what diagnostic test
SID
72
comparative intradermal test
- Inject both ____________ simultaneously
- 72 hrs reax
avian and bovine tuberculin
73
when incidence is high and test and slaughter programs are impossible; vaccine ___________-
Bacille Calmette Guerin vaccine:
74
An obligate parasite and each species has a preferred natural host
brucellosis
75
Undulant fever, Mediterranean fever, Abortus fever, Contagious abortion, Bang's disease
brucellosis
76
Acute or chronic contagious disease -Characterized by septicemia followed by localization of infection in the lymph node and genital organ
BRUCELLOSIS
77
-Brucella abortus
○ Bang’s dz
○ All ages
○ Last 3 mos of pregnancy in mature
cattle
○ May affect sheep and goats, dogs
■ Not reservoir
○ Most impt in beef cattle production
(calves)
○ Decreased milk production in dairy
(what breed)
cattle
78
-B. Melitensis (what breed)
may also be harbored by sheep t or f
goat
t
79
B. Ovis (breed)
not zoonotic t or f
found inn ________
t
placenta
80
principle manifestation of brucellosis
Reproductive failure in males and females:
81
Transmission of brucellosis
Horizontal
- Ingestion
- intact skin penetration
- conjunctiva
- udder contamination via milking
- coitus / AI - Vertical
82
- substance normally produced by the fetus
- stimulates growth of Brucella sp.
- inversely proportional to stage of
pregnancy at time of ingestion
Erythritol
83
-Retained placenta
Hygromas on the knees , stifles, hock etc
-Infertility
-Bull: Orchitis & sterility
-Decreased milk production
Abortion after 5 months
-Metritis
brucellosis
84
-presence of leathery plaques on the chorion’s external surface
-necrosis of the cotyledons
-edematous placenta
brucellosis
85
diagnosis
SAT
CFT
IT
EI
TAT
* Examination of placenta
* Bacterial isolation
* Serum agglutination test
* Complement fixation test
* Intradermal test
* Enzyme immunoassay
* Tube agglutination test
86
control oof brucellosis?
Vaccination (young and old)
Slaughter of infected and exposed animals
87
diff diagnosis ngn brucellosis
-Trichomoniasis ● -Listeriosis
● -Leptospirosis ● -Mycoses
● -Nutritional problem
88
innPrevention and Control
● Locate the infection via ________-
– repeated serological
testing
89
**Vaccination program that target cattle against B. abortus have proved effective but trying to control B. melitensis in sheep and goats is much more difficult
t
90
Bang’s dz
- Organism has greatest numbers in the
pregnant _________
pregnant uterus, the fetus, and the feral
membranes
91
if nnon pregnannt, san may org sa bang dz
Non pregnant: udder or mammary gland -
source of infection
92
transmission ng brucellosis
ingestioon, penetration s kin conjunnctiva,
LOW: congenital
93
Semen transmission is Unlikely to transmit
infection brucellosis
mas mataas pa chancne sa AI
t
94
protects from viral
pathogens
Zona pellucida
95
typical sa humanns na brucellosis
undulant fever (unpasteurized milk)
96
brucellosis gram what
negative coccobacilli
97
large scale screening of sera from buffaloes/carabaos
test used brucellosis
rose bengal test
98
quarantine gn brucellosis/bangz
120 days to 1 yr
99
may vax ba ang bangs?
another tx ng banngs
yes, Vaccination
test and slaughter - eradication
100
in B. ovis:
Major sheep-producing regions
nnew zealand and aus
101
Source of infection bangz sa b. ovis
male Infected ram
102
t or f: Sheep/ewe are more resistant to
infection
t
103
Transmission between rams how b ovis
Passive venereal infection
104
tx ng b. ovis
Oxytet
- They can act intracellularly
- Dihydrostreptomycin sulfate
- Culling of rams in small commercial flocks
- Scrotal palpation
- Cull those with orchitis
105
vax for b ovis
- B melitensis strain rev 1
106
Goats and sheep are highly susceptible to?
via what?
B. MELITENSIS
Via milk and reproductive tract
107
this dz has High risk of bioterrorism/agroterrorism
b. melitensis
108
in b. melitensis: Humans: has ________
- First observed in _______ sheep
mediterranean fever or malta
maltese
109
-Aka:Liver flukes, Hepatic Fas cioliasis
FASCIOLOSIS
110
source of pasture contamination?
t or f: Do not develop immunity in fasciola as remains vulnerable
sheep
111
susceptible to fasciolosis
Sheep cattle goat
112
infective stage ng fascilosis
if large amount nng meta: ___
if low: ___
metacercaria (infective cyst)
acute
chronic
113
spp ng fasciola nna most reported in PH
F. gigantica (warmer region)
F. hepatica kasi cooler
114
CS ng fasciolosis t or f:
-Enlarged & painful abdomen
● -Anemia
● -Death
asymp sa cattle but Acute, subacute, chronic form in sheep
T
115
fasciola necropsy what is seen
hemorrhage
116
what form:
Liver is enlarged & friable with migratory tracts on the surface
Mechanical damage
acute
117
what form:
Cholangitis
○ Biliary obstruction
○ Fibrosis (if chronic, there is
fibrosis)
○ Lekage of plasma proteins
○ anemia
○ Blood loss → emaciated, wool
panget, reduced feed intake
○ anemia
Cirrhosis
● Bile ducts
● -enlarged, cystic, & have thickened,
● fibrosed walls (in cattle: thickened &
Warmer region
most reported in PH
- Pallor
calcified)
chronic
118
inn fasciolosis: favorable to activation of clostridial spores
-Tissue destruction from migration
119
what form:
- sudden death
- Dullness
- Weaknes
- Pallor and edema of mucosae. and
conjunctiva
- Pain area on liver - Death
acute fascio
120
what form:
Intermediate form described in sheep - Wt loss
- Pallor of mucous membranes
- Submandibular edema start to churva
(pero commonly sa chronic)
Subacute fascio
121
what form:
Intermediate form described in sheep - Wt loss
- Pallor of mucous membranes
- Submandibular edema start to churva
(pero commonly sa chronic)
Subacute fascio
122
what form:
Wool shedding
Edema
Pallor
chronic fascio
123
diagnosis of fascio egg charac?
egg: (oval, operculated, golden brown)
124
Normochromic anemia is a sign of ____ fascio
hypochromic anemia is a sign of ____
acute
Subacute and chronic
125
t or f: Fecalysis not recommended in acute
t or f: cholestasis ay acute
t: - flukes are still juvenile - no eggs
t
126
in subacute and chronic, fecalysis is done t or f?
what form and where makikita
yes, sedimentation
bottom: brown pigmentation (stainninng of bile)
127
what is seen in necropsy for fasciolosis
adult in bile ducts
128
fasciolosis should be differentiated with _____________ which is caused by___________
Black disease/C. novyi
129
Spores cause fasciola in liver parenchyma
- Causes generalized toxemia and
hemolysis of blood
black dz/C. novyi
130
tx for fasciolosis
Triclabendazole - all fluke stages
Albendazole - ovicidal only
- Active form of pro drug
--> netodimine is metabolized to albendazole
131
Aka: Weil’s disease, Enzootic jaundice, Red water
LEPTOSPIROSIS
132
CS ng lepto sa cattle
eh sa most species?
Cattle: interstitial nephritis
- most species: Anemia, mastitis and abortion
133
Most common serovars ng lepto
occurs during?
Icterohaemorrhagiae ○ Pomona
○ canicola
○ grippotyphosa
rainy
134
transmission ng lepto
route ng lepto
source
Mucosal surface
Conjunctiva
Skin
Ingestion
Venereal
Inhalation
Skin
milk
urinne
aborted fetus
uterine discharge
contaminated soild warer feeds
135
kaninoong dz may gannto cs
-Fever
● -Depression
● -Hemoglobinuria
● -Icterus/jaundice
● -Abortion/stillbirth
● -Infertility
● -Milk drop syndrome
● -Leptospiruria
● -Dyspnea
● -Anemia
● -High mortality in lambs
● -Inappetence
● -Some animals show signs of meningitis
136
kaninnong dz may gantong necropsy
-Anemia and jaundice
● -Subserosal and submucosal
hemorrhages
● -Rarely pulmonary edema or emphysema
● Interstitial nephritis
lepto
137
(golden
standard) for lepto
-Microscopic agglutination test
138
t or f:
Vaccination is effective in the treatment
of the disease
f: inn prevention lanng
139
tx and control
-Broad spectrum antibiotic
● -Supportive treatment
● -Vaccination is effective in the prevention
of the disease
● -Sanitary feeding and watering practices
● -Disinfection of contaminated area
● -Rodent control
140
Aka: Surra (T. evansi)
TRYPANOSOMIASIS
141
T. congolense – attach to ______
T. brucei and T. vivax - invade ______
endothelial cells
tissues and cause damage
142
lead to pronounced -immunosuppression ● -Intermittent fever
● -Anemia
● -Weight loss
● -Necropsy findings vary and are not
specific
TRYPANOSOMIASIS
143
what form of trypanosomiasis
● o Intermittent fever
● o Lymphadenopathy
● o Petechial hemorrhages ● o Death
● o Abortion, stillbirth
Acute
144
what form of trypanosomiasis
o Anemia
● o Emaciation
● o Edema (scrotum, abdomen, ● breast)
● o Jaundice
chronic
145
Diagnosis of tryp
demonstrating trypanosomes in stained
blood smears or wet mounts
146
tx for tryp
-Diminazene aceturate
● -Avoid in lactating animals
● -3.5mg/kg BW, IM, one time
● -3 days withdrawal period
● -Homidium bromide (1mg/kg)
● -Isometamidium chloride (0.25 to 1mg/kg,
IM)
● -Suramin (10mg/kg, IM)
● -Control flies
● -Prophylactic drug treatment
● -Test and slaughter
147
causative agennt of lepto
Leptospira interrogans
148
t or f: Not all serovars of Leptospira are pathogenic,
many serovars are highly prevalent within maintenance host populations and persist in the ____ annd ____
t
kidneys and genital tract
149
leptospira fails to persist
pasteurization and moist heat at ___ kills leptos
prefers what ph
___________ inactivate leptospires
prefers what condition
at <10C or >34°C:
121°C/15 minutes
neutral to slightly alkaline conditions
freezing, dehydration, and UV radiation i
warm, moist conditions greatly enhance survival
150
Maintenance hosts typically do not develop significant clinical disease.
t or f
t
151
The liver is often friable and discolored in
a lobular pattern. what dz
lepto
152
vector ng surra
main host ng surra
caused by _____
tabanids and Stomoxys
Caused by Trypanosoma evansi
Cattle and horses are main host
153
- Buffy coat
- ELISA
- Mice inoculation
what dz
surra
154
caused by retroviruses, subfamily Lentivirinae
Caprine arthritis /encephalities
155
Alteration of genomes leads to persistent infxn (antigenic drift)
Capable of mutations
Lesions are lymphoproliferative
Caprine arthritis /encephalities
156
breed factor ng cae
age
transmission
all breeds
increasing in age
- Colostrum and milk
- Perinatal transmission
- Contact transmission (oral)
157
- Posterior paresis (unilateral or
bilateral)
- Ataxia
- Short and choppy gait
- Weakness
- Recumbency
- Lack of propriocepption
- Head tilt
- Torticolitis
- Circling
what dz
cae
158
diagnosis ng cae at posiitive resultn on?
Agar gel immunodfiffusiontest (AGID)
Positive: formaxn of precipitate or
thin white line beteeen antigen and
antibody
ELISA
159
ano ang required test sa Guidlines on local tranposrt or shipment byproducts
- CAEN - required test
160
t or f: no tx for caen
t
161
genus Pestivirus, family Flaviviridae
BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA
162
what is the main presentatioin of BVD
Main : immunosuppression and NOT DIARRHEA
163
what form:
Fever
- Inappetence
- Diarrhea
- death
acute
164
what form:
Lameness
- Intermittent diarrhea
- Gradual wasting
chroniic
165
Ulcerations in GIT, larynx
- Hemorrhages in pericardium
- Cranium nasale
- Inflammation in jejunum
what dz gantong cs
BVD
166
_________ is a mucosal dz
bvd
167
90% are made this way inn BVD
buntis na tapos nainfect lang. 1-4 months pregnancy → infected from cows or bulls → crosses placenta
168
gold standard ng BVD
Virus isolation
