Second Phase of the INM Flashcards
What did the Province of Bengal comprise of?
Bengal proper, Bihar, Orissa, Chhotanagpur, and Bengali speaking districts of modern Assam
What was the area of the Province of Bengal?
1,90,000 sq . miles.
What was the population of the Province of Bengal?
78.5 million
Who approved the scheme for the Partition of Bengal? When?
Lord Curzon, in 1903
When was the scheme for the Partition of Bengal denounced?
In the Congress’ annual sessions in 1903 and 1904
When was the scheme for the Partition of Bengal finally put into effect?
October 16, 1905
What was the new province called?
East Bengal and Assam
What did East Bengal and Assam consist of?
Assam and Chittagong and fifteen districts of old Bengal
What was the area of the new province?
1,06,540 sq. miles
What was the population of the new province?
31 million, of whom about 18 million were Muslims and more than 12 million Hindus
What was the capital of the new province?
Dacca (modern Dhaka)
Where were the subsidiary headquarters of the new province?
Chittagong
What were the causes of partition? (government’s version)
- The Government regarded the size of the Province of Bengal to be too large to be properly administered by a single Provincial Government
- The Secretary to the Government of India noted that the Government was in favour of bringing all the Oriya i.e. Odia speaking people (outside the territorial limits of Odisha) under the administration of Bengal
What argument was advanced in favour of the partition by the British?
That it would improve the administration of both the Provinces : 1) Bengal, 2) East Bengal and Assam
What reasons did the Nationalists think were at play in the Partition of Bengal?
- To strike at the Roots of Bengali Nationalism
- The Policy of Divide and Rule - To drive a wedge between Hindus and Muslims
- To demonstrate the strength of the British Raj
What was considered to be “the nerve centre of Indian nationalism”?
Bengal
What was Risely, the Home Secretary, on record saying?
One of our main objects is to split up and thereby weaken a solid body of opponents to our rule
What did Lord Curzon and the British officials believe with respect to Bengal?
“Bengal united is a power; Bengal divided will pull the national movement in several different directions”
When did Lord Curzon go on a tour of East Bengal?
1904
What did Lord Curzon do in his tour to East Bengal?
He addresses a no. of meetings, where he explained to the Muslims that “his object in partitioning was not only to relieve the Bengal administration, but also to create a Mohammedan province”
What was the effect of Lord Curzon’s address to the Muslims in East Bengal in 1904?
The Mullas went from place to place explaining to the Muslims that the government was on their side
Which governor was reactionary?
Lord Curzon. He had a great dislike for democratic ideals.
What did Lord Curzon think about the people of India?
He believed that people of India, illiterate as he called them, could have no political aspiration. To him, the demand of the Indian National Congress meant nothing.
How did the Partition of Bengal demonstrate the strength of the British Raj?
It proved that the British Raj could afford to hold public opinion in contempt
Who composed Vande Mataram?
Bankimchandra Chatterji
What was a day of mourning in Bengal?
October 16th, 1905
What happened in the city in October 16th, 1905?
Every city, town and village rang with the cry of ‘Bande Mataram’, which symbolised patriotism and unity
Which veteran politician leader presided over a mammoth meeting at Kolkata and when?
Anand Mohan Bose
What did Anand Mohan Bose do?
He laid the foundation of a Federation Hall, which was to be the symbol of the unity of Bengal, a meeting ground of the Eastern and Western Bengal.
What did the people who gathered at Federation Hall do?
They took the vow of Swadeshi
Who wrote ‘Amar Sonar Bangla’ (My Golden Bengal) for the split of Bengal?
Rabindranath Tagore
Who was the most aggressive leader during the time of the split of Bengal?
Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Who was called the “Father of the Indian Unrest” by V. Chirol?
Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Which leaders were known for their bold actions?
Bipin Chandra Pal, Lajpat Ray, Aurobindo Ghose, Bal Gangadhar Tilak
What were the basic beliefs and objectives of the assertive nationalists?
- They had no faith in the British sense of justice and fair play
- The phase of the three P’s - Pray, Please, Petition was now over
- Their sturdy spirit provoked self-reliance and self-determination
- The ultimate objective was Swaraj
What did the assertive nationalists highlight?
The deceit and treachery by means of which the British had conquered India
What did Lajpat Rai write with regard to the three P’s?
An Englishman hates or dislikes nothing but beggars. It is our duty to tell Englishmen we are no longer beggars.
What did Tilak say about moderates?
Political rights will have to be fought for. The Moderates think that these can be won by persuasion. We think that the can only be got by strong pressure
What did Tilak say about Swaraj?
Swaraj is my birth-right and I will have it
What was the difference in the ultimate objective of the Moderates vs the Assertive Nationalists?
The Moderates asked for ‘Dominion Status’ i.e. self-government under the British Crown, whereas the Assertive Nationalists would not be satisfied with anything lower than Swaraj
What did Lajpat Rai write about a subject nation?
A subject nation could have no politics except the politics of freedom
Why do we also call them Radical Nationalists?
The term Radical stands for a Revolutionary and an Extremist . Delhi HC took an exception to calling these leaders Radicals or Extremists.
What were the methods of struggle of Assertive Nationalists?
- Revivalism
- Swadeshi
- Boycott
- National Education
On what basis did the AN seek to build national movement?
On the basis of people’s religious beliefs
What did the AN do to revive people’s religious beliefs?
Tilak revived the Shivaji festival in 1895. They presented Chandragupta Vikramaditya, Rana Pratap and Shivaji as national heroes, whose memory should be cherished
How was the Swadeshi idea popularised by the AN?
By occasional bonfires of foreign cloth, salt and sugar
How did the AN bring boycott into their methods of struggle?
British goods, government services, honours and titles were boycotted. A man selling or buying foreign goods was “socially boycotted”
What was the content of the National Education during the time of the AN?
- Secular Education
- Religious or Moral Education
- Political Education
- Vocational or Industrial Education
Give the difference between the aims of political education vs religious education
Political education was aimed at carrying out one’s civic and politics responsibilities, whereas religious education was aimed at building up a pupil’s character
What did the trio of sturdy nationalists come to be known as?
Bal-Pal-Lal
When was Bal Gangadhar Tilak born?
On July 23, 1856
Who was the real founder of the Anti-Imperialist movement in India?
Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Under whose guidance was the Deccan Education Society founded?
Under Justice Ranade’s guidance, in 1884
Which activists were associated with the Deccan Education Society?
Gokhale and Tilak
What did members of the Deccan Education Society do?
Offered their services as teachers on a nominal salary
Which famous institution was started without a large fund through the Deccan Education Society?
The Fergusson College at Pune
What was Tilak’s contribution to the Freedom Struggle?
- Tilak’s political beliefs - swaraj is my birthright and I will have it
- Bitter Attacks on Government
- Means employed to expose Administration, to mobilise Masses and to arouse Nationalistic Passions
- His Role in the Anti-Partition Movement
- Home Rule Movement
- The Forerunner of Gandhi
Give the battle cry of the tubular nationalists
‘Swaraj’ and ‘Swadeshi’
Name Tilak’s weeklies
The Mahratta and the Kesari
Name the means Tilak adopted to carry the agitation to the masses
- In 1893, he started the celebration of the Ganapati festival in Maharashtra
- Satisfied with the success of the festival, he revived the Shivaji festival in 1895
- He is known for organising ‘Akharas’ and ‘Lathi Clubs’ in Maharashtra to make the youths brave to defy the British Raj
What was the object of reviving the Shivaji festival?
Instilling in the masses a spirit of discipline and patriotism
Which campaign did Tilak lead in 1896?
A No-Rent Campaign. He asked the cultivators not to pay land revenue because of famine conditions in the Deccan
What was Tilak’s role in the Anti-Partition Movement?
Transformed the movement into a movement for swaraj
What did the year 1916 see the establishment of?
The Home Rule Leagues in Madras and Maharashtra
Who were the Home Rule Leagues led by?
Mrs. Besant (Madras)
Tilak (Maharashtra)
Who launched the Home Rule Movement?
Mrs. Besant and Tilak
Which epithet did Tilak earn?
‘Lokmanya’ (respected by people) and was almost worshipped as a God
Why is Tilak called Forerunner of Gandhi?
Gandhi’s ideals were moulded by Tilak in a big way. Gandhi laid great stress on prohibition, Swadeshi and boycott. All these had been preached and practised before Tilak much before Gandhi did so
What was the difference between Tilak and Gandhi?
Although Tilak stood for sturdy action, he never resorted to violence like Gandhi
Which three works does Tilak have to his credit?
The Gita Rahasya
The Orion
The Arctic Home in the Vedas
When did Tilak die?
August 1, 1920
Who was the prophet of bold self-reliant nationalism in India?
Bipin Chandra Pal
Who was the father of revolutionary thought in India?
Bipin Chandra Pal
What was BCP’s contribution to the freedom struggle?
- His Role in Awakening National Consciousness in India
- A Great Journalist and a Marvellous Orator
- An Active Role in Anti-Partition and Swadeshi Movement
- Made Great Sacrifices because of his Robust Nationalism
- His Ideas on National Education
- Became Impatient with Gandhian Methods
When did BCO join the Congress?
In 1887
When did BCP plead that the Arms Act should be repealed?
In a forceful speech at the Chennai Congress in 1887
Which newspaper did BCP edit?
New India which he started in 1901
What did he write about the nation in an article?
“Individuals re born, individuals die, but the Nation liveth forever”
In May 1907, BCP delivered speeches on what and where?
Speeches on Swaraj in Chennai
Why was BCP arrested for six months?
Aurobindo Ghose, the Editor of the Bande Mataram, was charged with sedition. The Government wanted BCP’s testimony but he refused to give evidence
What did BCP think of national education?
It is the key which opens the great treasures of Indian philosophy and culture to Indians
Which Movement did BCP not support?
The Non-Cooperation Movement launched by Gandhi in 1920
Name BCP’s publications
- The spirit of Indian Nationalism
2. The New Economic Menace to India
BCP wanted which methods to become the means of national freedom?
Swadeshi and Boycott
Which remedies did BCP propose to eradicate India’s poverty?
- To develop lot of industries in the country
- To tax the rich more heavily on the poor
- Forty-eight hours of work in a week and an increase in the wages
- The practice of swadeshi and boycott
What did Shri Aurobindo refer to BCP as?
One of the mightiest prophets of nationalism
When did BCP die?
1932
When was Lala Lajpat Rai born?
28 January, 1865 at Jagraon in the Ludhiana District
Under whose influence had LLR’s father come early?
Munshi Radhakrishna, LLR’s father, had come early under the influence of Swami Dayananda
With which Movement was LLR associated?
The Arya Samaj Movement
LLR was greatly instrumental in the expansion of which institution?
DAV College at Lahore, which had been founded on 1st June, 1886
Whose biographies did LLR write?
Mazzini, Garibaldi, Swami Dayananda, Pandit Gurudatta
Name LLR’s publications
- The Call to Young India
- England’s Debt to India
- The Political Future of India
Why did LR go to England in 1914?
He went as a member of the Congress Delegation
Which organisation was founded by LLR? Where?
The Indian Home Rule League, in United States in 1916
Which monthly magazine did LLR start in USA?
‘Young India’ - to spread the message of the right of Indians to attain Swaraj
Give LLR’s contribution to India’s freedom struggle
- His Role in the Anti-Partition and Swadeshi Movement: During the Anti-Partition agitation he called upon men and women to fight repression with full strength.
- An Assertive Nationalist and a Brave Fighter: In 1907, LLR and Sardar Ajit Singh were convicted for seditious speeches. LLR was deported to Mandalay and kept there in prison for six months. LLR presided over the historic Kolkata Session of the Congress in 1920, where a resolution of “Non-Cooperation” was adopted by the Congress.
- Formation of the Swaraj Party and later the Nationalist Party and his Entry into the Central Legislative Assembly: LLR and many Congressmen formed the Swaraj Party to contest elections to the Legislative Councils in 1923.
- Demonstration against the Simon Commission: On 30 October, 1928, LLR was assaulted by a British Sergeant. Lalaji’s valor endeared him to the people who called him Sher-i-Punjab
With whom did LLR form the Nationalist Party?
He joined hands with Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya in forming the Nationalist Party, which achieved significant electoral success in 1926
When was LR injured to the point of no recovery?
While leading the demonstration against the Simon Commission in Lahore in 1928, he was assaulted by a British sergeant on 30 October, 1928 and died on 17 November, 1928 due to sustained injuries
LLR was the first Indian leader to have done what?
To have written about the problems of socialism and labor organisation
What was LLR’s role in the Anti-Partition Movement?
- In 1905, LLR, along with Gokhale went to England to persuade the British leaders not to give effect to the scheme of the Partition of Bengal.
- During the Anti-Partition agitation he called upon men and women to fight repression with full strength.
