National Movement Flashcards
Give the main tenets of the Gandhian Path?
- Satyagraha
- Non-Violence
- Swadeshi
- Social Justice
What does the word Satyagraha stand for?
The force born of truth
What did Gandhi define Satyagraha as?
Love-force or soul-force
From where did Gandhi’s basic ideas of Satyagraha evolve?
From his study of the works of Tolstoy, a Russian writer, as well as his study of the Hindu scriptures
What did the Satyagrahis seek to do?
To convert the evil-doers through their willingness to accept suffering cheerfully
Name the different techniques of Satyagraha
- Fasting
- Non-Cooperation with the evil-doer
- Civil Disobedience of State laws - extreme form
What was a Satyagrahi never to do, according to Gandhi?
Resort to violence
What did the Gandhi say about non-violence?
“Non-violence is the first article of my faith. It is also the last article of my creed.”
What does the vow of Ahimsa imply?
One must love those whom he believes to be unjust. “Oppose tyranny but never hurt the tyrant”
How is non-violence distinguished from cowardice?
Gandhiji said, “I would rather have India resort to arms to defend her honor than that she should in a cowardly manner become or remain a helpless victim to her own dishonor.”
Name the three dimensions of Swadeshi
- Religious
- Political
- Economic
What does Swadeshi mean in the sphere of economics?
We should only use those things which are produced by our countrymen within the borders of India
What should modern competitive industrialism have been replaced by & how?
It should’ve been replaced by small-scale production.
Gandhi was attached to village industries, especially khadi. Hand-spun cloth, he said, could provide employment to millions in India
In what ways did Gandhiji work for Social Justice?
- He fought the evils of Communalism and Untouchability
2. His campaign for the liberation of women and the oppressed ones showed his deep concern about social justice
Give the causes for the mass movement of Non-Cooperation in 1920?
- Reaction to the Government of India Act, 1919
- The Rowlatt Act, 1919
- The Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy
- The Khilafat Movement
What was the Rowlatt Act?
On the report of a Sedition Committee headed by Justice Rowlatt, two bills were introduced in the Central Legislature in February 1919. These ‘Black Bills’ came to be known as the Rowlatt Act.
What powers did the Rowlatt Act give to the police?
- To search a place
2. Arrest any person they disapproved of without warrant
Give two ugly features of the Rowlatt Act
- The trial was to be held in camera - the public and the newspapermen were not allowed to end the trial
- There could be no appeal against the court’s judgement
Give a well-known description of the Rowlatt Act at that time
No Dalil, No Vakil, No Appeal
When did the Rowlatt Act come into operation?
21 March, 1919
What was the main purpose of the Rowlatt Act?
To curb the growing nationalist upsurge in the country
What did Gandhiji describe the Rowlatt Act as?
Destructive of the elementary rights of an individual
When did the Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act begin?
6 April, 1919. Gandhiji asked the people to pray, fast and hold meetings against the Black Act. He also made an appeal to observe Hartal.
In which places did disturbances break out during the Rowlatt Act despite Gandhi’s plea?
Delhi, Gujarat and Punjab
Which two prominent leaders were deported from Amritsar and when?
Dr. Satpal and Dr. Kitchlew were deported from Amritsar on 10 April, 1919
Which officer arrived and took command of Amritsar on 11 April 1919?
General Dyer
How many people were killed in the Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy?
According to the official figures, some four hundred people were killed and about two hundred wounded. But the Congress Inquiry Committee put the figure of the dead not less than 1000
What was General Dyer’s motive in the Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy?
To strike terror in the whole of Punjab
Why was a Khilafat Committee formed?
To champion the cause of the Caliph of Turkey
Who were the leading lights of the Khilafat Committee?
Ali Brothers - Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali
What did Gandhi advise the Khilafat Committee?
Seeing an opportunity of uniting the Hindus and Muslims, Gandhiji advised the KC to adopt a policy of non-cooperation with the Government.
When did the programme of Non-Cooperation under the Khilafat Committee start?
1 August, 1920
What did the programme of the Khilafat Committee include?
- Resignation from government services
- Boycott of councils
- Refusal to pay taxes
- Refusal to join the army
When did the Khilafat Agitation end?
The Movement died in November 1922 when Mustafa Kemal Pasha deposed the Sultan of Turkey and showed no concern for the holy places of Islam. He finally abolished the Caliphate and separated the State from religion.
Where was the Special Session of the Congress held in September 1920?
A Special Session of the Congress was held at Kolkata on 4 September, 1920.
When was a resolution on Non-Cooperation Movement formally ratified?
In the regular Session of the Congress at Nagpur in December, 1920
What did Non-Cooperation mean?
Not to cooperate with the evil-doer
What did Gandhi ask his countrymen to do in the spirit of Non-Cooperation?
Not to assist the foreign government to rule over them
Give the objectives of the Non-Cooperation Movement
- Restoring the old status of the Sultan of Turkey
- Punishing those guilty of atrocities in Punjab
- Attaining Swaraj for India
What did Gandhiji promise if his plan of Non-Cooperation was fully implemented?
Swaraj in one year
Give the negative aspect of programme of the Non-Cooperation Movement
- The boycott of Legislative Councils
- The boycott of law courts by the lawyers
- The boycott of British goods
- The boycott of government schools and colleges
- Surrender of titles and honorary posts
Give the positive aspect of programme of the Non-Cooperation Movement
- Hindu-Muslim Unity
- Removal of Untouchability
- Promotion of Swadeshi
- The prohibition of intoxicating drinks
Describe the Chauri Chaura Incident?
On 5th February, 1922 a clash took place at Chauri Chaura , a small town in the district of Gorakhpur, UP. A police officer had beaten up some volunteers picketing a liquor shop. A mob set fire to the police station with some twenty-two people inside it. Gandhiji was greatly shocked and realised the country wasn’t ready for a non-violent struggle.
How did the Suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement take place?
Mahatma Gandhi suspended the law-breaking part of the Movement and asked Congressmen to give all their attention to the constructive programme.
Who protested against the Resolution of the Working Committee?
CR Das and Motilal Nehru
