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System P 2 > Second Part Of Ex 1 > Flashcards

Second Part Of Ex 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is portal venous congestion leading to portal HTN?

A

Esophageal varices

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2
Q

What is the order of primary salivary gland pathologies. ?

A
  1. Parotid 2. Sublingual 3. Submandibular. Minor salivary glands
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3
Q

______% of leukoplakia can turn to what?

A

25, squamous cell carcinoma

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4
Q

Where is cholera most common?

A

India/Africa

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5
Q

Pseudopolyps are associated with what?

A

Ulcerative colitis

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6
Q

What kind of hiatal hernia is separate portion of the stomach protrudes, and is prone to strangulation or obstruction ? Q

A

Non axial ( rolling )

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7
Q

What is tenesmus and what condition is it associated with ?

A

Sensation of inadequate BM, sigmoid diverticulitis

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8
Q

Esophageal varices is secondary to what?

A

Cirrhosis

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9
Q

What is twisting a loop of bowel ?

A

Volvulus

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10
Q

External hemorrhoids =?

A

Below the anorectal line

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11
Q

If an acquired diverticulum in the Colon becomes infected what can happen?

A

Perforation leading to hemorrhage

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12
Q

What is excreted via salivary glands?

A

> 99% h20, IgA, enzymes

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13
Q

What is multiple small shallow ulceration of the stomach/duodenum ?

A

Acute peptic ulceration

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14
Q

What makes up the majorly of all parotid gland tumors?

A

Pleomorphic adenoma

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15
Q

When antibiotics disrupt intestinal flora, this allows what to happen?

A

Clostridium diff to overgrow

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16
Q

If herpes spreads to the brain what is it called? (Life threatening)

A

Herpesviral encephalitis (usually HSV-1)

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17
Q

Superficial inflammation =?

A

Mucosal ulcerations

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18
Q

What are symptoms of GERD?

A

Dysphasia, heartburn, “sour brash”

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19
Q

Where is the most common site of tumors in the small intestine?

A

Duodenum

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20
Q

What kind of polyp makes up the majorly of gastric polyps.?

A

Inflammatory and hyper plastic polyps (75%)

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21
Q

How many children die each ear from infectious enterocolitis

A

12,000 ( 500 infants a day)

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22
Q

What are the 3 top malabsorption problems in the US?

A

Pancreatic insufficiency, celiac disease, crohn disease

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23
Q

Do smaller or larger glands have higher cancer risk ?

A

Smaller (but are less common)

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24
Q

Oral cancer is about _____more common among males?

A

2x

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25
Q

Relapsing “attacks” with grossly bloody and mucoid stool is associated with what?

A

Ulcerative colitis

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26
Q

What a treatment for sigmoid diverticulitis?

A

Increase fiber, lifelong dietary modification

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27
Q

What percent of cholera is lethal and in what amount of time?

A

70% in 24 hours

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28
Q

What is a raised lesion that is firm with irregular boarders, that look whitish-grey or erythematous?

A

Oral squamous cell carcinoma

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29
Q

What is the most common location for angiodysplasia?

A

Cecum, but also in ascending colon

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30
Q

Environmental enteropathy is cycles of what?

A

Mucosal injury, malnutrition, and inflammation

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31
Q

Acute peptic ulceration is a complication of what 3 things?

A

Severe physiological stress, high NSAIDS, inter-cranial disease.

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32
Q

What constitutes diagnosis of travelers diarrhea?

A

Three or more unformed loose stools in 24 hours

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33
Q

What are other names for a canker sore ?

A

Aphthous ulcer, recurrent aphthous stomatitis

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34
Q

What is the actual problem causing barrett esophagus ?

A

The lower esophageal sphincter doesn’t close all the way.

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35
Q

How common is pyloric stenosis ?

A

1-400 births

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36
Q

What is lower pharyngeal outpouching superior to the UES?

A

Zenkers diverticulum

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37
Q

Are peptic ulcers more common in men or women ?

A

Men !0, woman 4

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38
Q

Genital herpes is called what?

A

HSV-2

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39
Q

What kind of gastric polyp makes up 15% of them?

A

Fundic gland

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40
Q

What kind of hiatal hernia is most common and is a “bell shaped” dilation ?

A

Axial (sliding)

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41
Q

What are risks for squamous cell carcinoma (oral) ?

A

Alcohol, tobacco, >30, HPV-16

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42
Q

What part of the esophagus is where squamous cell carcinomas would be found?

A

Middle 1/3

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43
Q

What do you see with the crypts with campylobacter?

A

Crypt access

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44
Q

What percent of colon cancers are lethal?

A

40%

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45
Q

Villus flattening is a characteristic of what?

A

Environmental enteropathy

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46
Q

What is complete rupture at the thoracic esophagus? Hammans sign?

A

Boerhaaves syndrome

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47
Q

What is esophageal metaplasia at the distal esophagus? Where strat squamous Turing into columnar?

A

Barrett esophagus

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48
Q

What causes oral candidiasis? (Thrush)

A

Candida albicans

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49
Q

What is an early sign of appendicitis?

A

Periumbilical/epigastic discomfort

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50
Q

What is a vascular lesion with tortuous and dilated submucosal and mucosal vessels?

A

Angiodysplasia

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51
Q

Are most hiatal hernias symptomatic ?

A

No!

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52
Q

What disease is when chronic gastritis leads to atrophy with antibodies against parietal cells?

A

Autoimmune gastritis, pernicious anemia

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53
Q

What are complications of barrett esophagus ?

A

Esophageal adenocarcinoma, ulceration

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54
Q

If someone has lost a lot of weight, has abdominal dissension, borborygmus, flatulence, anorexia?

A

Malabsorption

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55
Q

What kind of ulcer gets worse after eating?

A

Gastric

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56
Q

What is when a segment of intestine telescopes into a distal segment?

A

Intussusception

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57
Q

Who is at risk for barrett esophagus ?

A

White ppl (30-300) males (4x) 40-60

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58
Q

Campylobacter enterocolitis may initiate what?

A

Reactive arthritis (HLA-B27)

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59
Q

How do you diagnose adenomas?

A

Screen, sessile or pedunculated, polyectomy

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60
Q

In what condition do 100% of patients develop colon cancer, most commonly before 30?

A

Familial adenomatous polyposis

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61
Q

Giardiasis (never fever) = ?

A

Malabsorption

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62
Q

What kind of mineral deficiency is associated with celiac disease?

A

Iron

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63
Q

How do you diagnose zenkers diverticulum?

A

Barium swallow and video fluoroscopy

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64
Q

Eating a highly processed diet increased your risk of colorectal adenocarcinoma ?

A

30x

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65
Q

What kind of esophagitis is most common after an ulcer and debilitated?

A

Infectious

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66
Q

What sign is achalasia associated with?

A

Bird beak sign

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67
Q

Flagellated protozoa is associated with what?

A

Giardia lamblia

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68
Q

What is the genetic mutation for someone with familial adenomatous polyposis ?

A

APC gene on chromosome 5

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69
Q

What is the treatment for crohns disease?

A

Probiotics, and immunosuppressive meds

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70
Q

Chronic and relapsing abdominal pain, bloating, constipation and diarrhea are symptoms of what?

A

IBS

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71
Q

Colorectal adenocarcinomas most commonly metastasize to where?

A

Liver

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72
Q

How common is crohns disease?

A

1:500

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73
Q

What is the cause of the ischemia in ischemic bowel disease?

A

From hypotension or occlusion, mucosal infarction

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74
Q

What kind of Esophageal lesion is associated with ectopic gastric mucosa, upper 1/3. Asymptomatic.

A

Ectopia

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75
Q

Parasitic diseases affect how many people?

A

> 1/2 the worlds pop

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76
Q

What causes viral gastroenteritis in children ?

A

Rotavirus

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77
Q

What is the most common cause of esophagitis ?

A

Reflux esophagitis

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78
Q

What is the most common outpatient G.I. Complaint?

A

GERD

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79
Q

What % of parotid gland tumors are malignant ?

A

15-30%

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80
Q

What kind of Esophageal lesion is associated with atresia, tracheal fistula, Stenosis, regurgitation?

A

Mechanical

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81
Q

What is celiac disease?

A

Immune mediated, reaction to gliadin

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82
Q

IBD is most commonly seen in what type of control?

A

Females, adolescence, white.

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83
Q

Tumors of the small intestine account for what percent of all G.I. Malignancies ?

A

1%

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84
Q

Are adenomas age related?

A

Yes

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85
Q

What kind of parotid gland tumor is more invasive, less mobile and malignant?

A

Carcinoma Ex Pleomophic adenoma

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86
Q

What is the most common malignancy of the G.I. Tract?

A

Colorectal adenocarcinoma

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87
Q

What are symptoms of acute ischemic bowel disease?

A

Sudden/severe abdominal pain, nausea. Vomiting, frank blood in stool

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88
Q

Where do most intestinal obstructions occur?

A

Small intestine

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89
Q

What is the cause of lynch syndrome?

A

Inherited mutations in DNA mismatch repair system

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90
Q

What deficiency is associated with colorectal adenocarcinoma ?

A

Iron deficiency anemia

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91
Q

What is the long term survival rate for someone with squamous cell carcinoma?

A

<50% long term

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92
Q

What are risks for chronic gastritis ?

A

Heliobacter pylori infection, old age

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93
Q

Skip lesions are seen in what condition?

A

Crohns disease

94
Q

What are symptoms of dermatitis herpetiformis ?

A

Blister on arms, legs, butt, itchy, seen in 10% of celiac disease patients

95
Q

What do Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis have in common?

A

IBD, Familial, females, risk of adenocarcinomas

96
Q

What is a benign smooth muscle tumor of the esophagus ?

A

Leiomyoma

97
Q

What parts are injured in viral gastroenteritis?

A

To superficial cells of the stomach or SI

98
Q

What are the most common types of tumors of the small intestine?

A

50% adenocarcinoma, 50% carcinoid tumors

99
Q

What does ulcerative colitis?

A

Rectum/distal colon

100
Q

Canker sores are most common in what kind of people?

A

Females, over 20, Celiac disase, IBD, Behcet disease

101
Q

Crohn disease effects what ?

A

Entire GI tract, Most commonly in the ileum

102
Q

What mutation is common for oral cancer?

A

TP53

103
Q

Oralfacial herpes is called what?

A

HSV-1

104
Q

What are treatments for ischemic bowel disease?

A

Prophylactic antibiotics

105
Q

What condition is associated with a wall defect that leads to a blind need pouch and there are most commonly multiple ?

A

Sigmoid diverticulitis

106
Q

What type of gastritis is transient mucosal inflammation (neutrophils), with possible erosion/ulceration ?

A

Acute

107
Q

If the appendix Rutgers there is what?

A

High morbidity and mortality.

108
Q

When does zenkers diverticulum develop and what are sympotoms?

A

After an increase in pharyngeal pressure. Halitosis, dysphasia, regurgitation

109
Q

What has a high (50%) risk of transitioning to CA has irregular boarder and is a red velvety area?

A

Erythroplakia

110
Q

What causes 10-20% initial HSV infections ?

A

Acute herpetic gingivostomatitis

111
Q

What kind of Esophageal lesion is secondary to portal hypertension ?

A

Esophageal varices

112
Q

Are there granulomas or skip lesions seen in Ulcerative colitis?

A

No

113
Q

Is there inflammation associated with IBS?

A

NO

114
Q

What are some treatments for canker sores?

A

NSAIDS, B12 (cobalamin)

115
Q

What is the defect that causes hirschsprung disease?

A

Neural crest cell migration

116
Q

What is treatment for IBS?

A

Fiber, decrease carbs

117
Q

What does herpes virus lay dormant?

A

Trigeminal ganglion

118
Q

What condition is a hemangioma on gingiva, caused by hormonal factors and or irritation that grows rapidly ?

A

Pyogenic granuloma

119
Q

What % of he us have appendicitis?

A

7%

120
Q

What is the most common acute abdominal condition ?

A

Quite appendicitis

121
Q

What is the location of hemorrhoids ?

A

Anal and perianal vessels

122
Q

Where are common locations for peptic ulcer?

A

Prox duodenum (4x), gastric Antrim

123
Q

Co-morbidity impairs esophageal functioning. Inflammation near Auerbach plexus is what?

A

Secondary achalasia

124
Q

What do you see with e coli crypt architecture

A

Normal

125
Q

What is the Most common esophageal cancer worldwide?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

126
Q

Are colorectal adenocarcinomas asymptomatic early?

A

Yes

127
Q

What makes up 90% of all stomach cancers?

A

Gastric adenocarcinoma

128
Q

What is a raised white patch that cant be scraped off?

A

Leukoplakia

129
Q

With malabsorption what is defective?

A

Fats,carbs, proteins, vit A D E K, mineral, electrolytes

130
Q

What percent of herpes simplex virus is asymptomatic?

A

80%

131
Q

What percent of people over 70 have xerostomia?

A

20%

132
Q

What is the most common type of oral cancer?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

133
Q

What are shared feathers between duodenal and gastric ulcers?

A

Eating influences pain, relieved by vomiting or alkaline substance, worse at night

134
Q

What’s is another name for sigmoid diverticulitis ?

A

Colonic diverticulosis

135
Q

What are 2 treatments for achalasia

A

Botulinum toxin, pneumatic dilation

136
Q

What percent of sublingual or minor salivary gland tumors are malignant?

A

50-90%

137
Q

How common is Ulcerative colitis?

A

1 per 5,000

138
Q

What causes viral gastroenteritis in adults?

A

Norovirus

139
Q

What is the most common cause of bacterial sialadenitis?

A

Staph aureus

140
Q

What kind of esophageal laceration is a longitudinal tear from forceful vomiting?

A

Mallory weiss tear

141
Q

90% of all cirrhosis cases have what?

A

Esophageal varices

142
Q

What type of esophagitis is acute, self limiting, and due to tobacco, alcohol, pill induce?

A

Chemical

143
Q

If you have perianal citing with bright red bloody (frank) stool, most are self limiting which is what?

A

Hemorrhoids

144
Q

What are risks for gastric adenocarcinoma ??

A

H pylori, japan(20x)

145
Q

What are symptoms of chronic ischemic bowel disease??

A

Episodic bloody diarrhea, mimics IBD

146
Q

What is a blocked or rupture of a duct, found on the lower lip in the young and old?

A

Mucocele (mucous cyst, Ranula)

147
Q

Who is most commonly effected by tropical sprue?

A

Children 2-3 years old

148
Q

What condition is an hereditary cancer syndrome?

A

Lynch syndrome

149
Q

What is the most common tumor of the appendix?

A

Carcinoid, (rarely adenocarcinoma )

150
Q

Hamartomas = what?

A

Mature cells

151
Q

Are adenomas considered malignant until proven otherwise?

A

Yes

152
Q

Is fibrosis seen in crohns or ulcerative colitis ?

A

Crohns

153
Q

What are dietary risk factors for an adenocarcinoma ?

A

Low veggie fiber, high amounts of carbs, high animal fat, decreased antioxidants.

154
Q

What kind of achalasia is most common?

A

Primary

155
Q

In HPV (16) associated squamous cell carcinoma where are the most common sites?

A

Base of tongue, tonsillar crypts

156
Q

Who is at risk for celiac disease ?

A

White people, 30-60

157
Q

What condition is associated with barrett esophagus ?

A

GERD

158
Q

What is associated with projectile vomiting and the fluid is not bile stained. ?

A

Pyloric stenosis

159
Q

What makes up 20% of lower intestinal bleeds?

A

Angiodysplasia

160
Q

What is a nodular mass, following chronic irritation also has
Hyperplasia and fibrosis and is most common along the bite line?

A

Fibroma

161
Q

What is a solitary punched out lesion in the stomach ?

A

Peptic ulcer disease

162
Q

Where does U.C. Always being ?

A

Rectum

163
Q

What are the most common (3) locations of Crohn’s disease ?

A

Terminal ileum, ileocecal valve

164
Q

Who is at risk forr a squamous cell carcinoma in the esophagus ?

A

45^, males, African americans

165
Q

If caught early what’s the 5 ear survival rate for gastric adenocarcinoma ?

A

90%

166
Q

What causes cholera ?

A

Vinbro cholera (gram -)

167
Q

Is crohns disease or ulcerative colitis malabsorptive ?

A

Crohns

168
Q

What kind of pain is assocaited with peptic ulcers and when?

A

Gnawing, burning, boring, at night 1-3 hours after eating

169
Q

When celiac disase manifests on the skin what is it called?

A

Dermatitis herpetiformis

170
Q

What is inflammation of the gastric mucosa ?

A

Gastritis

171
Q

What kind of gastritis is less severe but prolonged?

A

Chronic

172
Q

What relieves peptic ulcers?

A

Alkaline substance

173
Q

What arteries are associated with ischemic bowl disease? (Ischemic colitis)

A

Superior and inferior mesenteric arteries, and celiac artery

174
Q

What are characteristics of hemorrhoid?

A

Thin walled varices, swollen and tortuous

175
Q

What is responsible for 50% of esophageal cancers in the us?

A

Adenocarcinoma

176
Q

What causes celiac disease?

A

B and T cells damage S.I. Causing villous atrophy

177
Q

What is the most common form of viral Sialadenitis?

A

Mumps virus infection (pediatrics = self limiting. Adults, pancreatitis and orchitis)

178
Q

How does one diagnose lactose intolerance?

A

Breath hydrogen test

179
Q

What is a major risk for adenomas and how much higher is the risk?

A

Family history, 4x increased risk

Q

180
Q

What is secondary to injury to esophageal mucosa?

A

Esophagitis

181
Q

What syndrome is associated with salivary gland problems?

A

Sjogren syndrome

182
Q

Canker sores effect what percent of the population ???

A

40

183
Q

Where is the problem with lactose intolerance ?

A

S.I. Brush border

184
Q

What condition is associated with grey/white pseudomembranes that can be scraped off?

A

Oral candidiasis

185
Q

What are symptoms of sigmoid diverticulitis ?

A

Cramping, LLQ pain

186
Q

What is lost in celiac Disease?

A

Villi

187
Q

What is characterized by dry mouth, due to decreased saliva production?

A

Xerostomia

188
Q

What is known as a pregnancy tumor?

A

Pyogenic granuloma

189
Q

The ______the size of a adenoma the_______chance of cancer.

A

Larger, higher

190
Q

What is it called when inflammation leads to fibrosis that creates adherent intestinal segments?

A

Adhesions

191
Q

What are signs of an acute appendicitis ?

A

Anorexia, nausea, vomiting

192
Q

The cholera toxin opens what?

A

CFTR which = a massive chloride ion secretion

193
Q

What is a major risk of esophageal varices?

A

Hemorrhage. 50% of first time bleeds are lethal

194
Q

What is the triad for achalasia?

A

Incomplete LES relaxation, increased LES tone, esophageal aperistalsis

195
Q

Internal hemorrhoids =?

A

Above the anorectal line

196
Q

What is another name for environmental enteropathy ?

A

Tropical sprue

197
Q

What are late symptoms of appendicitis ?

A

RLQ tenderness to deep/constant pain

198
Q

What is the most common bacterial enteric pathogen in the US?

A

Campylobacter jejuni

199
Q

How many people in the us over have have adenomas?

A

Half

200
Q

What is a main symptom of acute peptic ulceration ?

A

Coffee ground mematemesis

201
Q

Transmural inflammation with fissures and Melena is associated with what?

A

Crohn disease

202
Q

What things are aspirated with toxic Megacolon?

A

Polyarthritis, sacoiliitis, AS, eye irritation

203
Q

Where is the most common site of mets for oral squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Cervical lymph nodes

204
Q

What is the most common cancer associated with Lynch syndrome?

A

Endometrial

205
Q

Is chronic gastric mucosa symptomatic ?

A

No

206
Q

What kind of pain is associated with Crohn’s disease?

A

RLQ pain

207
Q

How does malabsorption manifest itself?

A

Chronic diarrhea

208
Q

What causes travelers diarrhea ?

A

Fecal oral contamination

209
Q

What are 3 organisms that cause acute self limited colitis ?

A

Campylobacter, shigella, E. coli, salmonella

210
Q

What are risks for pseudomembranous colitis?

A

Hospitalization

211
Q

What is congenital outpouching of the small intestine called ?

A

Meckel diverticulum

212
Q

What kind of ulcer gets better after eating?

A

Duodenal

213
Q

What is another name for hirschsprung disease?

A

Congenital aganglionic megacolon

214
Q

What is the most common vascular disorder of G.I. Tract ?

A

Hemorrhoids

215
Q

What is the loss of inhibitory innervation to the LES?

A

Primary achalasia

216
Q

What are carries are salmonella?

A

Snakes, lizards, gecko, salamanders q

217
Q

Thrush is seen in what percent of newborns?

A

40

218
Q

What disease is associated with lack of neurologic ganglia in the rectum that may involve the sigmoid colon?

A

Hirschsprung disease

219
Q

What is the most common cause of appendicitis ?

A

Obstruction (50-80%)

220
Q

What type of esophageal lesion is associated with achalasia, aperistalsis?

A

Functional

221
Q

What percent of submandibular gland tumors are malignant ?

A

40%

222
Q

What is the main cause of travelers diarrhea?

A

Enterotoxigenic E. Coli

223
Q

What organisms is associated with parasitic disease?

A

Ascaris lumnricoides

224
Q

How does one diagnose familial adenomatous polyposis ?

A

100 or more adenomas most commonly 500-2,500

225
Q

What are treatments for pseudomembranous colitis ?

A

Vancomycin or metronidazole

226
Q

What is a shallow painful ulceration in the oral mucosa and or pharynx usually less than 5mm?

A

Canker sore

227
Q

What is inhibitory for U.C.?

A

Smoking

228
Q

Does location of herpes indicate type ?

A

No

229
Q

At what age are most people diagnosed with colorectal adenocarcinoma ?

A

50-70

230
Q

What are risk factors for pyloric stenosis ?

A

White, male, turner syndrome

231
Q

What is it called when the stomach protrudes into the thorax, via a wider esophageal hiatus?

A

Hiatal hernia

System P 2 (6 decks)

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