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System P 2 > Chap 17 > Flashcards

Chap 17 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common Penile malformation?

A

Hypospadias (ventral surface )

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2
Q

What is it called if the urethral orfice is on the dorsal surface?

A

Epispadias

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3
Q

Inflammation on the glans penis =

A

Balanitis

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4
Q

Inflammation on the prepuce =?

A

Balanoposthitis

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5
Q

What it the inability to retract the prepuce?

A

Phimosis (MC acquired)

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6
Q

What is entrapment of a retracted foreskin behind the coronal sulcus ?

A

Paraphimosis

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7
Q

What are 95% of penile neoplasms?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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8
Q

What are risks for penile neoplasms?

A

Over 40, uncircumcised, poor hygiene, HPV, AIDS, smoking

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9
Q

What is Bowen disease?

A

Penile neoplasm, solitary, on shaft

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10
Q

Invasive SCC penile neoplasm is most common where?

A

Glans or prepuce

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11
Q

What are symptoms of police neoplasms?

A

Abnormal texture, pain, erythema, fails to heal

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12
Q

What is a gray, crusted, handed, raised lesion on the penis, with irregular boarders?

A

Invasive SCC

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13
Q

What is a penectomy?

A

Partial or total removal or part of the penis

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14
Q

What is an increase of serous fluid in the tunica vaginalis?

A

Hydrocele

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15
Q

What is the most common cause of scrotal enlargement?

A

Hydrocele

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16
Q

What is hematocele?

A

Blood in the scrotum

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17
Q

What is chylocele?

A

Lymph in the scrotum

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18
Q

What can chylocele lead to?

A

Filariasis (elephantiasis)

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19
Q

What transmits filariasis?

A

Flies, mosquitos, Arthropoda

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20
Q

What disease causes filariasis?

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

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21
Q

What percent of newborns have cryptorchidism?

A

1%

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22
Q

What is a main symptom of cryptorchidism?

A

Testicular atrophy by age 5-6. (Leads to sterility) unilateral or bilateral

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23
Q

What is the increased cancer risk for testicular cancer in cryptorchidism?

A

3-5 times

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24
Q

What are symptoms of orchiitis?

A

Pain, bloody ejaculation, edema

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25
Q

What are symptoms of epididymitis?

A

Pain fever, MC unilateral

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26
Q

How does orchiitis or epididymitis begin?

A

As a UTI

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27
Q

What are two things that can cause orchiitis or epididymitis?

A

MUMPS and TB (mumps leads to necrosis and sterility (20%)

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28
Q

What is spermatic cord twisting?

A

Testicular torsion

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29
Q

What type of testiuclar torsion is most common?

A

Adult (12-18)

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30
Q

What sign is associated with adult testicular torsion?

A

Bell-clapper deformity

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31
Q

Is testiular torsion painful or no?

A

Yes (acute pain)

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32
Q

What much testicular torsion spontaneously resolve?

A

1/3 (surgery if not better in 6 hours)

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33
Q

What is an enlargement of the pampiniform venous plexus of the scrotum?

A

Varicocele

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34
Q

What should you consider the problem in varicocele?

A

Renal cell carcinoma

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35
Q

What age rage do we see testicular neoplasia?

A

14-34

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36
Q

What are risks for testicular neoplasia?

A

Cryptorchidism (10%), fam history (brother with it 8-10 more risk), white people, gonadal dysgenesis

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37
Q

What testicular neoplasm is benign ?

A

Sex cord stromal tumors

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38
Q

Sex cord stromal tumors come from what cells?

A

Sertoli and leydig cells

39
Q

What is a malignant testicular neoplasia?

A

Germ cell tumors (GCTs)

40
Q

What makes up 95% of most post pubertal testicular tumors?

A

Germ cell tumors

41
Q

What is the most favorable germ cell tumor?

A

Seminomas

42
Q

What testicular tumor has a soft texture, grey-white and well demarcated.

A

Seminomas

43
Q

What do cells in seminomas look like?

A

Large, uniform, round nuclei

44
Q

At what age do you see embryo all carcinoma?

A

20-30 (indistinguishable boarders, invasive, anaplastic) no tumor marker

45
Q

What Nonseminomatous GCT would we likely see at age 3?

A

Yolk sac tumor

46
Q

What Nonseminomatous GCT is characterized by increased hCG, and is small?

A

Choriocarcinoma

47
Q

What nonseminomatous GCT is a firm mass with all 3 germ cell layers and seen at allllll ages?

A

Teratoma

48
Q

What type of testicular cancer is easily palpable and large, well contained mass with late mets?

A

Seminomas

49
Q

What form of testicular cancer is small and less palpable, with ear leer mets to liver and lungs, may have lymphatic or hematogenous mets?

A

Nonseminomatous GCT

50
Q

Is testiular cancer painful or painless ?

A

Painless***

51
Q

What Nonseminomatous GCT is undifferentiated and has Indistinct boarders?

A

Embryonal carcinoma

52
Q

What are the two key features with testicular cancer?

A

Painless and translucent

53
Q

What form of testicular cancer is radio sensitive ?

A

Seminomas

54
Q

What form of prostate cancer is found in the peripheral zone?

A

Carcinomas

55
Q

What from of prostate lesion is found in the transitional zone?

A

Hyperplasia

56
Q

What is the cause of most prostatitis?

A

Chronic non bacterial (90-95)

57
Q

Bacterial (acute and chronic) account for what percent of prostatitis?

A

10% (2-5% each)

58
Q

What is another name for chronic non bacterial prostatitis?

A

Chronic pelvic pain syndrome

59
Q

How is chronic non bacterial prostatitis diagnose?

A

NIH outcome measures, DRE, sequential specimens

60
Q

Where are common locations for infectious spread of prostatitis?

A

Blood, lymph, urethra/bladder, rectum

61
Q

Where does Benign prostatic hyperplasia occur?

A

Traditional zone

62
Q

What Percent of males 70 or older have benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

90%

63
Q

What percent of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is asymptomatic ?

A

10%

64
Q

What are treatments for BPH?

A

Watchful waiting, FLOWMAX, dth inhibition TURP

65
Q

What does benign prostatic hyperplasia look like?

A

Has nodules that are well circumscribed

66
Q

What are side effects of TURP (transurethral resection of the prostate)

A

Incontinence, erectile dysfunction

67
Q

Are most people likely do die from or die with prostate cancer?

A

Die with

68
Q

Prostate cancer makes up what percent

A

30%

69
Q

Most prostate cancer is aggressive true or false?

A

False most is indolent

70
Q

The majority of prostate cancer is what kind?

A

Adenocarcinomas

71
Q

Where are most (80% of prostate cancer located ?

A

Peripheral zone

72
Q

What is the most common age group for prostate cancer?

A

65-75

73
Q

Where does prostate cancer MET to?

A

Osteoblasts can to the axial skeleton

74
Q

What is a screening technique for prostate cancer?

A

PSA (not specific to prostate cancer) lots of false positives

75
Q

What are treatments for prostate cancer?

A

Watch and wait, prostatectomy, radiation, anti antigen therapy

76
Q

What is dilation of the renal pelvis/calyces?

A

Hydronephrosis

77
Q

What is the most common form of hydronephrosis?

A

Congenital (atresia in male patients)

78
Q

What form of hydronephrosis my be clinically silent?

A

Acquired unilateral

79
Q

A renal calculus (stone) is most commonly made of what?

A

Calcium oxalate

80
Q

Where is pain found with kidney stones?

A

2-3m in size, pain in ureter, flank, groin, intermittent and severe

81
Q

What is an upper urinary tract stone that is massive and looks like the cast of the renal pelvis?

A

Stag horn calculus

82
Q

What are stag horn calculi made of? (Struvite Stone)

A

Magnesium ammonium phosphate

83
Q

What is the most common cause of staghorn calculi?

A

Recurrent infections

84
Q

What are symptoms of vit A deficiency ?

A

Kidney stones, bitot spots

85
Q

What is a blind ended pouch in the bladder wall that is most commonly acquired?

A

Diverticulum

86
Q

Most diverticulum of the bladder look like what?

A

Small and asymptomatic

87
Q

Cystitis (inflammation of the urinary bladder) is a bacterial infection that causes pain in what area?

A

Supra pubic pain, pee a lot, painful sex

88
Q

A lower UTI may cause what?

A

Cystitis

89
Q

What is the name of most bladder cancer called (90%) ?

A

Urothelial carcinoma

90
Q

What bladder cancer is less common and associated with Schistosoma infections? (Egypt)

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

91
Q

What acquired gene mutation is associated with bladder cancer?

A

TP53

92
Q

What are risks for bladder cancer?

A

50-80 males, industrial ares, smoking, occupational carcinogens

93
Q

What are features of bladder cancer?

A

Painless hematuria, high recurrence

94
Q

What is the treatment for bladder cancer?

A

Radical cystectomy, chemo

System P 2 (6 decks)

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