Second Language

Question 1

Metalinguistics Awareness

Answer 1

Understanding about how language works

Question 2

four bilingual advantages

Answer 2

Metalinguistic awareness
Creativity
Problem-solving
Multitasking

Question 3

Adaptive Control Hypothesis

Answer 3

Proposal suggesting that bilinguals’ constant need to monitor and control their languages leads to benefits in nonverbal cognition.

Question 4

Interference Inhibition

Answer 4

The ability to ignore distracting or misleading information.

Question 5

Selective Attention

Answer 5

The ability to direct and focus attention on the current task.

Question 6

Mental Flexibility

Answer 6

The ability to rapidly switch from one cognitive task to another.

Question 7

Executive Control

Answer 7

The management of cognitive resources to perform tasks efficiently.

Question 8

Flanker Task

Answer 8

Experimental procedure in which participants respond to the direction of the central arrow in an array regardless of the direction the other arrows are pointing. (Fig 9.8)

Question 9

Simon Task

Answer 9

Experimental procedure that requires participants to respond to the color of a stimulus regardless of its location.

Question 10

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

Answer 10

An area of the brain involved in executive control

Question 11

two white matter connection networks that are more extensive for bilinguals.

Answer 11

White fiber tracts extending from the frontal lobe to the basal ganglia and back – inhibition of unintended language.

White matter tracts extending from the frontal lobe to the parietal lobe – implicated in switching tasks.

Question 12

What area of the auditory cortex is larger (more grey matter) in bilinguals

Answer 12

Heschl’s gyrus

Question 13

Cognitive Reserve

Answer 13

Engaging in stimulating mental or physical activity on a regular basis helps maintain cognitive functioning as we age and protects against dementia.

Question 14

Should children with autism or SLI be instructed in only one language?

Answer 14

No evidence that bilingualism is detrimental

Family may provide a model of imperfect English

Limitations in the heritage language limit social interactions with family and lead to social isolation

Child may benefit from cognitive “bilingual advantages” in executive control and selective attention

Question 15

Ultimate Attainment

Answer 15

The endpoint of second language acquisition that typically falls short of full mastery.

Question 16

general rule for ultimate attainment

Answer 16

Those who learn the language after puberty will speak with a foreign accent even if their ultimate attainment is very high.

Question 17

Critical Period Hypothesis

Answer 17

The idea that children have a biological predisposition to learn languages that they lose around puberty.

Question 18

Cerebral plasticity

Answer 18

the brains ability to modify its structure in response to new experiences

Question 19

Sensitive Period

Answer 19

The time early in life when language learning is more likely to be successful.

Question 20

Speech Learning Model

Answer 20

The proposal that a foreign accent is the result of an imbalance between the amount of time spent using the first and second languages.

Question 21

the One parent, One language Approach

Answer 21

Strategy for raising bilingual children that has one parent speaking the heritage language and the other parent speaking the societal language.

Question 22

One language at home, One language outside Approach

Answer 22

A strategy for raising bilingual children in which the heritage language is learned from family at home and the societal language is learned at school.

Question 23

First Language Attrition

Answer 23

The situation where a bilingual favours the second language to the extent that first language ability is lost.

Question 24

Two-Way Immersion Program

Answer 24

Form of bilingual education that is intended to develop fully bilingual and biliterate students.

Question 25

5 negative consequences associated with transitional programs?

Answer 25

First language attrition
Less solidarity with families and ethnic communities
Lower self esteem
Poorer academic performance
Higher incidence of behavior problems

Question 26

Transitional Program

Answer 26

A form of bilingual education that is intended to assimilate heritage language students into the mainstream language and culture.