Lifespan

Question 1

most important predictor of ultimate language attainment

Answer 1

The amount of time infants spend in social exchanges with caregivers and other older family members.

Question 2

Developmental Cascade

Answer 2

The observation that early developmental processes in one area have an impact on later developmental processes in other areas.

Question 3

less is more hypothesis

Answer 3

The proposal that working memory constraints help infants focus on the relevant cues to segmenting the speech stream.

Question 4

symbolic play

Answer 4

Pretend play, substituting an object for another object or an imaginary object for an object (e.g., a pretend baby).

Question 5

Protoconversation

Answer 5

Social exchange in which an infant and a caregiver convey emotions through facial expressions and mutual gaze while taking turns gesturing and vocalizing.

Question 6

Where on a speaker’s face do children focus at different ages

Answer 6

4 months (eyes) up to one year (mouth) after 1 year (eyes)
Tend to look more at the mouth when trouble comprehending

Question 7

Infant directed speech has many characteristics that make it salient to the infant.

Answer 7

Exaggerated prosody and stress
Limited vocabulary
Frequently repeated words

Question 8

Define Salience

Answer 8

Prominent and easy to notice

Question 9

infant directed speech” universal

Answer 9

No, for example not by the Mayan of the Yucatan

Question 10

Business Talk

Answer 10

Caregiver speech that consists mainly of instructions and prohibitions.
Pick up your toys
Drink your milk

Question 11

Descriptive Talk

Answer 11

Caregiver speech that involves labeling objects of joint attention and commenting on them. Engaging children by asking questions and elaborating on their answers.

Question 12

Describe three common errors make by children during the preschool years (p 424) Give an example of each

Answer 12

Drop weak syllables (getti for spaghetti)
Drop phonemes in clusters (poon for spoon)
Substitute phonemes (birfday for birthday)

Question 13

slow mapping

Answer 13

The extended process of consolidating the pronunciation and meaning of a word through multiple encounters.

Question 14

Lexical Configuration

Answer 14

Process of associating a sound sequence with a particular meaning.

Question 15

Lexical Engagement

Answer 15

The process of associating a newly learned word with other items that are already stored in the mental lexicon. Fire -smoke

Question 16

Basic level category

Answer 16

A class of objects or events that is cognitively salient and is neither too specific nor too general (e.g., dog, chair).

Question 17

Homonym Advantage

Answer 17

Observation that children learn a new word faster when it sounds like a familiar word.

Question 18

Polyseme

Answer 18

A word that has multiple related meanings, or senses (e.g., line).

Question 19

Morphosyntax

Answer 19

The ways that a word changes its form according to the role it plays in a sentence.
Past tense - ed
Subject agreement markers on verbs – Ernie talks
Plural form of nouns – roses

Question 20

Print knowledge

Answer 20

familiarity with how to hold a book and turn pages as well as how print is organized on a page

Question 21

Alphabet knowledge

Answer 21

an understanding of the name of each letter and the sounds associated with it

Question 22

Contextual Abstraction

Answer 22

The use of surrounding text to determine the meaning of a word

Question 23

Morphological analysis

Answer 23

The tactic of breaking down a word into its component parts to determine its meaning.

Question 24

Morphological awareness

Answer 24

The understanding that many words can be broken down into smaller meaningful units.

Question 25

show and tell

Answer 25

Development of early oral narratives

Question 26

Microstructure

Answer 26

The linguistic form and content of a narrative at the sentence level.
MLU and number of different words

Question 27

Macrostructure

Answer 27

The global hierarchical structure of a narrative as it flows logically from beginning to conclusion.
Story grammar

Question 28

Literate Language

Answer 28

The particular syntactic structures and vocabulary used in academic situations.

Question 29

Metacognitive Verb

Answer 29

A verb that describes a mental state: think know decide

Question 30

What are three possible reasons for the difficulties older adults experience in multitalker situations

Answer 30

Phonological processing – processing speech sounds of short duration.
Difficulty inhibiting distractions
Beginning hearing loss (no I can’t hear the last one)

Question 31

Tip of the tongue phenomenon and circumlocution during aging are both a result of what?

Answer 31

Transmission deficit – the connections between a word’s semantic representation and phonological representation weaken with age.

Question 32

Why doesn’t the opposite of TOT occur?

Answer 32

Input/Output asymmetry: language perception processes are generally spared even when language production processes are impaired.

Question 33

Aging Positivity Effect

Answer 33

People tend to get happier as they get older.