Lifespan Flashcards
most important predictor of ultimate language attainment
The amount of time infants spend in social exchanges with caregivers and other older family members.
Developmental Cascade
The observation that early developmental processes in one area have an impact on later developmental processes in other areas.
less is more hypothesis
The proposal that working memory constraints help infants focus on the relevant cues to segmenting the speech stream.
symbolic play
Pretend play, substituting an object for another object or an imaginary object for an object (e.g., a pretend baby).
Protoconversation
Social exchange in which an infant and a caregiver convey emotions through facial expressions and mutual gaze while taking turns gesturing and vocalizing.
Where on a speaker’s face do children focus at different ages
4 months (eyes) up to one year (mouth) after 1 year (eyes) Tend to look more at the mouth when trouble comprehending
Infant directed speech has many characteristics that make it salient to the infant.
Exaggerated prosody and stress
Limited vocabulary
Frequently repeated words
Define Salience
Prominent and easy to notice
infant directed speech” universal
No, for example not by the Mayan of the Yucatan
Business Talk
Caregiver speech that consists mainly of instructions and prohibitions.
Pick up your toys
Drink your milk
Descriptive Talk
Caregiver speech that involves labeling objects of joint attention and commenting on them. Engaging children by asking questions and elaborating on their answers.
Describe three common errors make by children during the preschool years (p 424) Give an example of each
Drop weak syllables (getti for spaghetti)
Drop phonemes in clusters (poon for spoon)
Substitute phonemes (birfday for birthday)
slow mapping
The extended process of consolidating the pronunciation and meaning of a word through multiple encounters.
Lexical Configuration
Process of associating a sound sequence with a particular meaning.
Lexical Engagement
The process of associating a newly learned word with other items that are already stored in the mental lexicon. Fire -smoke
Basic level category
A class of objects or events that is cognitively salient and is neither too specific nor too general (e.g., dog, chair).
Homonym Advantage
Observation that children learn a new word faster when it sounds like a familiar word.
Polyseme
A word that has multiple related meanings, or senses (e.g., line).
Morphosyntax
The ways that a word changes its form according to the role it plays in a sentence.
Past tense - ed
Subject agreement markers on verbs – Ernie talks
Plural form of nouns – roses
Print knowledge
familiarity with how to hold a book and turn pages as well as how print is organized on a page
Alphabet knowledge
an understanding of the name of each letter and the sounds associated with it
Contextual Abstraction
The use of surrounding text to determine the meaning of a word
Morphological analysis
The tactic of breaking down a word into its component parts to determine its meaning.
Morphological awareness
The understanding that many words can be broken down into smaller meaningful units.
show and tell
Development of early oral narratives
Microstructure
The linguistic form and content of a narrative at the sentence level.
MLU and number of different words
Macrostructure
The global hierarchical structure of a narrative as it flows logically from beginning to conclusion.
Story grammar
Literate Language
The particular syntactic structures and vocabulary used in academic situations.
Metacognitive Verb
A verb that describes a mental state: think know decide
What are three possible reasons for the difficulties older adults experience in multitalker situations
Phonological processing – processing speech sounds of short duration.
Difficulty inhibiting distractions
Beginning hearing loss (no I can’t hear the last one)
Tip of the tongue phenomenon and circumlocution during aging are both a result of what?
Transmission deficit – the connections between a word’s semantic representation and phonological representation weaken with age.
Why doesn’t the opposite of TOT occur?
Input/Output asymmetry: language perception processes are generally spared even when language production processes are impaired.
Aging Positivity Effect
People tend to get happier as they get older.
