Reading Writing Flashcards
Logogram
A written symbol that represents a word or morpheme.
Chinese
Syllabary
A writing system that represents each syllable with a different symbol.
Japan
Alphabet
a writing system that represents each phoneme with a different symbol
Orthography
The set of rules for writing the words of a language.
Shallow Orthography
The situation in which spelling and pronunciation are closely matched
Deep Orthography
The situation in which spelling and pronunciation are poorly matched.
Homophone
Words with the same pronunciation but different meanings
e.g., sound
Homograph
Words that are spelled the same but pronounced differently
Close/close, read/read, lead/lead, live/live
What do all writing systems have in common?
They all consist of characters that are composed of lines and curves in contrasting orientations.
What visual perceptual skill does the brain use to process letters?
Edge detection
Visual Word Form Area
A region between the occipital and temporal lobes where the symbols of the writing system are stored, regardless of the language or the type of script.
Gaze Contingency Paradigm
Experimental procedure in which a narrow window of text surrounding the fixation point is displayed on a computer screen.
fixated words show a frequency and predictability effect
Low frequency words are fixated longer, less predictable words are fixated longer.
Define Spillover Effect
Processing difficulties of the preceding word cause the fixation duration of the current word to be extended.
Dual Route Model
Readers can access a word’s meaning and then its pronunciation or its pronunciation and then its meaning.
Direct Route
Process of going straight from the written word to its meaning
Very common sight words (was, of, the) and very irregularly spelled words (enough and yacht)
Indirect Route
Process of accessing the meaning of a written word by first reconstructing its pronunciation.
Unknown words that must be sounded out (atriscoldate, wug)
Acquired Dyslexia
An impairment in reading ability due to brain damage in a person who had previously been a skilled reader.
Surface Dyslexia
A condition in which the ability to read regularly spelled words and pseudowords (indirect route) is spared while the ability to read irregularly spelled (direct route) words is lost.
Phonological Dyslexia
A condition in which reading is relatively spared with the exception that the ability to sound out unfamiliar words (indirect route) is lost.
Where is the damage to the brain when a patient experiences surface dyslexia?
Left temporal lobe, ventral stream
Where is the damage to the brain when a patient experiences phonological dyslexia?
Left inferior parietal and frontal regions, dorsal stream
Implicit Prosody Hypothesis
The proposal that skilled readers organize the material they read into prosodic phrases similar to the way they would when they speak.
Developmental Dyslexia
A reading disability in children that cannot be attributed to a lack of intelligence, motivation or educational opportunity.
Phonological Awareness
An understanding that words can be broken down into smaller sound structures.
3 different examples of phonological awareness
Noticing alliteration (tic tac toe) Noticing rhyming (cat, mat, hat) Sensitivity to syllable structure (clapping the syllables)
Alphabetic Principle
The process by which readers associate written symbols with speech sounds.
The prevalence of dyslexia is similar world-wide, regardless of the writing or language system T/F?
T
Rapid Automatized Naming Task
A diagnostic for dyslexia in which the child is asked to name written letters, numbers or other familiar symbols as quickly as possible.
Define Gray (Grey in Canada) Matter
Brain tissue that is mainly composed of neuron cell bodies and whose function is to process information
White Matter Tracts
Bundles of fibers that connect various brain regions and whose function it is to transmit information.
Diffusion Tensor Imaging
An fMRI technique that enables researchers to trace the pathways of the white matter tracts.
Auditory Processing Deficit Hypothesis
The proposal that dyslexia stems from an underlying difficulty in accurately detecting and remembering rapid sound changes.
What part of the brain that is involved in coordination of motor and cognitive tasks may play a role in dyslexia?
Cerebellum
What is “yet another risk factor for reading impairment”
Premature birth
What are six negative consequences of dyslexia and late detection of dyslexia?
Do not complete high school or college Enter the juvenile justice system Frustration, low self esteem, poor vocabulary skills and dampened motivation to learn
three overlapping stages of learning to write
Learning letters
Combining letters into words
Combining words to compose text
Exner’s Area
A brain area located in the left frontal premotor cortex just above Broca’s area that stores the motor programs for handwriting gestures.
Learning to spell requires coordinating information at 3 levels
- Phonological-analyze syllables and phonemes
- Orthographic-spelling conventions
- Morphological – how to write the structures of words (suffixes and prefixes)
Isolated Spelling Disorder
a specific and significant impairment in spelling skills even though reading ability is in the normal range
Flexible Focus Text
No global topic but instead sentences chained together by loose association.
Fixed Topic Text
Each statement relates to the core topic but there’s still no elaboration of these statements
Topic Elaboration Text
After sixth grade a set of subtopics arranged about a common theme
Define Burst
A period of active text composition bounded by pauses at both ends
pauses in the composition process
Pauses of more than 2 seconds make up half the time spend composing a text.
Pauses are used to plan the next burst or revise the previous one.
Hayes Model
An influential theory of the writing process, with 4 core writing processes, and 3 levels of interacting cognitive processes.
Proposer
Generates ideas
Translator
Converts the proposed ideas into spoken language strings
Transcriber
Converts spoken language strings into motor plans for writing or typing
Evaluator
Scans for errors and initiates revisions of the output from the other three processes
The Control Level:
Exerts top down control over the writing process. Involves motivation, goals, plans and writing schemas.
The Resource Level:
LTM, working memory, attention and reading
Where does the Hayes model propose the problem arises for children with dyslexia within the model
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