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Psychology 2134B > Narrative > Flashcards

Narrative Flashcards

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1
Q

Discourse

A

Speech structured at its highest level. A set of sentences that cohere about one or more related topics

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2
Q

two types of discourse

A

Narratives and conversation

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3
Q

Conversation

A

Periods of turn-taking as listener and speaker

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4
Q

Narratives

A

Periods when one speaker dominates

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5
Q

Talk-in-interaction

A

Spontaneous speech people use as they engage in joint activities

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6
Q

Conversational Fillers

A

Um, uh and like (I use “OK” a lot)

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7
Q

Pragmatics

A

The various ways that context contributes to the meaning of a discourse

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8
Q

Common Ground

A

A pool of information that all participants in a conversation share

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9
Q

Interlocuters

A

Participants in a conversation

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10
Q

Turn-Constructional Unit

A

A syntactic structure, ranging from a single word to a sentence, that can make up a turn in a conversation.

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11
Q

Transition Relevance Place

A

A point in the conversation where the listener can expect the current speaker to end a turn.

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12
Q

Principle of No Gaps/Overlaps

A

The tendency to avoid leaving a noticeable silence between turns of conversation and beginning a new turn before the current turn is finished.

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13
Q

Backchannels

A

Signals like “mmmhmm” and “uhhuh”, from the listener that indicate engagement and encourage the speaker to continue.

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14
Q

Overlaps

A

Instances when multiple interlocuters speak at the same time

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15
Q

When are overlaps most often used and why

A

Often during greeting to express heightened emotion or to finish another persons sentence to express engagement and affiliation.

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16
Q

Describe the three steps of conversational turn allocation

A

Speaker selects next
Listener selects self
Speaker selects self

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17
Q

Beat

A

The length of time it takes to produce a syllable, as set by the speaking rate of the last turn.

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18
Q

Entrainment

A

The synchronization of rhythmic behavior in social interactions.

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19
Q

Narrative

A

A form of discourse in which one participant dominates as the active speaker while the other participants assume passive roles as listeners.

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20
Q

Spouse Talk

A

Couples recount past experiences together as a way to reminisce and bond.

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21
Q

Decontextualization

A

The distancing of thought, language and behavior from the current situation.

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22
Q

What executive functions are important for story telling?

A

Memory allocation, planning, inhibition, and other cognitive processes necessary for guiding intentional behavior.

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23
Q

Story Grammar

A

The framework guiding the presentation of events and characters in a narrative.

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24
Q

Episode

A

The fundamental building block of a story

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25
Q

7 parts of an episode

A

Setting, Initiating Event, Internal Response

Attempt, Consequence, Reaction

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26
Q

Schema

A

A mental framework for organizing our understanding of how some aspect of the world works.

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27
Q

Situation Model

A

A mental representation of the entities and events in a story and how they are related.

28
Q

Referring Expression

A

A word or phrase that is used to represent a particular entity or event.

29
Q

Referent

A

The entity that is represented by a particular word or phrase

30
Q

Reference

A

The process of using a word or phrase to represent an entity

31
Q

Privileged Ground

A

Information that one interlocuter knows but the other one doesn’t

32
Q

Relevance Theory

A

The proposal that speakers strive for a balance between providing too much and too little information in choosing referring expressions.

33
Q

Anaphor

A

A word or phrase that refers back to a previously mentioned entity in the discourse.

34
Q

Antecedent

A

The entity in the discourse that an anaphor refers back to

35
Q

Anaphora

A

The process of referring back to an antecedent.

36
Q

Category Anaphor

A

A noun phrase anaphor that names the category that the antecedent is a member of (e.g., ‘The girl’)

37
Q

Zero Anaphor

A

The case in which no overt anaphor is used even though anaphoric reference can easily be inferred

38
Q

Givenness

A

The degree to which an antecedent is likely to be within the memory and attention span of the listener.

39
Q

What is the relationship between anaphors and givenness?

A

More givenness, pronoun or zero anaphor

Less givenness, noun anaphor or full antecedent

40
Q

Unheralded Pronoun

A

A pronoun without an antecedent

In talk-in-interaction or when the referent is unimportant or obvious from the context

41
Q

Coherence

A

The use of schemas and logical relations to bind the sentences of a discourse together.

42
Q

Cohesion

A

The use of linguistic devices to tie together the sentences of a discourse.

43
Q

Bridging Inference

A

The use of logic or real-world experience to fill in gaps in a discourse.

44
Q

Predictive Inference

A

An expectation of what comes next in a discourse based on the sequence of events so far.

45
Q

Theory of Mind

A

The ability to make inferences about the mental states and intentions of others.

46
Q

Speech Act Theory

A

The position that the value of an utterance lies not in the literal meaning of its words but rather in the intention of the speaker and the effect it has on the listener.

47
Q

three layers of meaning within an utterance

A

1) Locution
The literal meaning of the utterance
2) Illocution
The speaker’s intended meaning behind the utterance
3) Perlocution
The listener’s perception of the speaker’s intended meaning

48
Q

Indirect Speech Act

A

An utterance whose literal and intended messages are not the same.

49
Q

Cooperative Principle

A

The proposal that speakers should follow social norms to tailor their utterances to fit the current needs of the conversation.

50
Q

Gricean Maxims

A

Aspects of a speaker’s utterance that the listener attends to in deciding whether to accept the statement at face value.

51
Q

4 Gricean Maxims

A

Quality: Be truthful
Quantity: Give just enough information
Relevance: Stay on topic
Manner: Be clear and unambiguous

52
Q

By what age are infants already coordinating behavior within face to face interactions

A

2 months

53
Q

Perturbation Paradigm

A

An experimental procedure that disrupts normal infant-caregiver interaction to observe the infant’s response.

54
Q

Still Face Paradigm

A

after three minutes of “interaction” with a non-responsive expressionless mother, “rapidly sobers and grows wary

55
Q

Developmental Language Delay

A

A condition marked by slower than normal development of expressive language during the first few years of life, even though hearing, motor, and cognitive functions are otherwise in the normal range.

56
Q

Ellipsis

A

The deletion of sentence elements that can be inferred from context.

57
Q

4 conversation difficulties of children with language delays

A

Reduced content within turns
Tend to use ellipsis
More use of pointing
Overreliance on formulaic expressions

58
Q

three different response strategies that mothers use in response to the depleted content of their “Late Talker” children

A

High control strategy-directing the flow of topics and commenting more on the child’s meager utterances

Less responsive strategy-less responsive to the child’s attempts at utterances, shifting the topic instead toward their own interests.

High sensitivity strategy-high sensitivity to the interests of the child and follows up on conversational topics the child proposes.

59
Q

Indexical Gesture

A

Movement of an upper limb to point out a referent in a conversation.

60
Q

Iconic Gesture

A

Movement of one or both upper limbs to imitate an action.

61
Q

Co-speech Gestures

A

Hand movements that speakers make while they talk.

62
Q

Prosody

A

Fluctuations in pitch, intensity, and syllable duration over the extent of an utterance, it’s perceived as tone of voice.

63
Q

Sound Symbolism

A

Using your voice to convey meaning.

64
Q

Lexical Bias

A

Tendency among children to rely on the literal meaning of an utterance even when prosody strongly suggests a nonliteral meaning. Shown by children under nine.

65
Q

Scalar Implicature

A

A listener’s inference that the speaker’s use of a weaker term means that a stronger term is not true.

66
Q

4 characteristics shown by children with specific language impairment (SLI) in conversation and narratives

A

Simple vocabulary
Simple sentence structure
Difficulty inferring the mental states of others
Problems using context cues to infer nonliteral interpretations of utterances

67
Q

Pragmatic Impairment

A

A developmental disorder in which the child has structural language skills intact but still experiences difficulties with the social and contextual aspects of discourse, such as inferring nonliteral meanings of utterances.

Psychology 2134B (10 decks)

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