second exam ( ID definitions)

Question 1

Karl Marx

Answer 1

German philosopher and economist
known for creating “scientific” socialism
wanted people to violently revolt against class struggle
marxist (his party) throughout Europe by 1880s
:“workers of the world unit”

Question 2

“utopian socialist”

Answer 2

for cooperation, sharing of resources, was NOT violent, seen in the first half of the 19th century…onward
“Charles Fourier” was a good example

Question 3

socialism

Answer 3

a political theory that calls for a classless society with collective ownership of all properties
the people’s republic of China: 1949-2002

Question 4

liberalism

Answer 4

politics of capitalist middle class
liberal economics- “Laissez-Fairer”
advocates for representative government, free trade, free religion, and free speech
Adam smith
seen in the French revolution.

Question 5

nationalism

Answer 5

brotherhood (fraternity)
part of the French revolution
each nation should have its own state and each state should be dominated by one nation
a reason that World War one transpired

Question 6

Otto Von Bismarch

Answer 6

chancellor of Prussia
unifies Germany 1866-1871
did this through 3 wars
results in “deutches Reien” (German empire)

Question 7

Hatian revolution

Answer 7

was a French colony in Caribbean
slave rebellion in 1791
Toussaint L’Ouverture leader (first fought for France then jailed by them)
1804 Haitian independence

Question 8

Congress of Vienna

Answer 8

1814-1815
draws map of europe (little changes made until 1860s)
oppses all the -isms :liberalism, nationalism, socialism, capitalism
supported monarchy “divine right”

Question 9

French Revolution

Answer 9

applied Enlightenment ideas to politics and society
storming of Bastille JULY 14,1789
execution of king louis XVI (January 1793) lead to the “Reign of Terror”

Question 10

Tanzimat reforms

Answer 10

Ottoman empire
1) implemented universities
2) reform military
3) constitution in 1876
“re-ordering” 1840-1870

Question 11

Abdul Hamid

Answer 11

a sultan in the 19-early 20th century
was rebelled against by Young Turks 1908
Armeian Massacres under him
OTTOMAN EMPIRE

Question 12

“Young Turks”

Answer 12

nationalist party
rebelled in 1908
wanted to modernize Turkish state
aims to secular Turkish nation-state

Question 13

“Great Reforms”

Answer 13

russia
happened under Izar Alexander II
reformed military 1876
less censorship
serfs emancipated 1861
reformed legal system
criemean wars made them take these actions

Question 14

industrialization

Answer 14

lead by britian
18th century
brought thorough and lasting transformations in basic structures on society
the development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale
some machines and materials include: textiles, railroads, cotton gin, steam engines, factory system, ect..

Question 15

Russian Revolution of 1905

Answer 15

humiliation causes this
shock to old order
forces Izar to use old parliament (DULA)
appears to be toward constitutional monarchy
it was a wave of unrest of political and social directed towards the Russian government

Question 16

Meiji Japan

Answer 16

1868-1912 JAPAN
caused reforms
military
constitution of 1889
abolishment of feudal order (samuri)
this was when there ports where opened by America

Question 17

Boxer Rebellion

Answer 17

CHINA
a peasant movement
1898-1901
crushed by foreign powers violently (American, French, Japanese etc..)
ATTEMPTED to drive away all foreigners out of the country

Question 18

Opium Wars

Answer 18

CHINA
1839-1842 ,1856-1860
outcomes- “treaty ports” - “unequal treaties” (opened up trade)
fought between China & Great Britain, trying to force China to establish a no opium trade route. China was on the losing side each time
this allowed further influences from great Britain to seep into Chinese culture

Question 19

Qing Dynasty

Answer 19

1644-1911
CHINA
Emporor Kanxi (1654-1722)
Examenation system (scholar-gentry)
DECLINE? internal corruption (cheating the exams…) Bandits, breakdown in public order, population increased 400mill ca.1800

Question 20

Modernization

Answer 20

theory of economic and political development increasing linkage of world economy
economic change leads to social change.
politics leads to more democracy
19th century held its popularity

Question 21

Mexican-American War

Answer 21

1846-1848
resulted in almost half of Mexico to USA
this is the were the legacy of resentment against USA stems from

Question 22

gauchos

Answer 22

Argentina cowboys
“national symbol”
this is because the Argentina economy in the 1890s grew because of the beef exports going to Europe

Question 23

Monroe Doctrine

Answer 23

1823: USA declare no re-establishment of colonial rule in Americas
defending Latin America from Spain or establishing American domination

Question 24

Simon Bolivar

Answer 24

Venezuelan military leader
hoped for “gran Colombia”
lead- Ecuador, Venezuela, Colombia, Bolivia
the liberator of America
1783-1830

Question 25

Gran Colombia

Answer 25

“great colombia”
big country included a great part of north America
a dream of Simon Bolivar
1819-1831

Question 26

Hidalgo

Answer 26

a pro-independence priest
FATHER Miguel de Hidalgo
Mexico leader of revolt against Spain it fails in 1810 but in 1821 Mexico gains independence

Question 27

Spanish-American War

Answer 27

april-august 1898
Americans concern over Spanish treatment of Cuba
results in independence of Cuba

Question 28

“the white mans burden”

Answer 28

Rudyard Kipling (author of poem)
born in India
knew Indian culture
this message was directed towards Americans to expand
demonstrates imperialistic mindset

Question 29

Chinua Achebe

Answer 29

Nigerian novelist
AFRICA
“things fall apart” his first novel
which presented an account of colonial history from those who where colonized
his life was from 1930 to 2013

Question 30

“the great game”

Answer 30

was where Britain was worried that Russia would expand into central Asia in the 19th century
Izar was not planning on imperializing in Asia

Question 31

Cecil Rhodes

Answer 31

epitome of imperialism
dedicated his life to expand in Africa
RICH
power was importance
English culture was the BEST!
“confessions of faith”
19th century

Question 32

central powers

Answer 32

Germany and Austria-Hungary
one of the main coalitions involved within the war
military alliance

Question 33

treaty of versialles

Answer 33

28 june 1919
ended the state of war between the Germany and the allied powers
signed in the palace of Versailles in France
ending ww1

Question 34

trench warfare

Answer 34

trenches from English channel to Switzerland
it held a stalemate and caused millions of casualties
to break this stalemate Germany used poison gas regardless of certain laws

Question 35

woodrow wilson

Answer 35

“a war to end all wars”
he was involved within WW1 in his second term in office, which he was reelected to because of his keeping the nation out of war in his first term
an American president 1917-1921
set up a blueprint of peace in Europe “the fourteen points”

Question 36

league of nations

Answer 36

first worldwide organization that’s mission was to maintain peace through the whole world
formulated at the Paris Peace conference 1919
contain within the treaty of Versailles
USA did not join even though they created this organization

Question 37

Lenin

Answer 37

“power was lying on the street, we merely stooped to pick it up”
demands to end the war
during the 1917 revolution he was released and returned to Petrograd
he was considered an intellectual, writer, leader of party, Bolshoviks founder of this socialist party
before he died he finally realized that Stalin was a threat, 1924

Question 38

trotsky

Answer 38

was also freed and returned to Petrograd
fiery, intelligent, arrogant
Trotskyism, like Marxism
a Russian revolutionary political theorist and soviet politician
aligned with the Bolsheviks eventually
time frame: 1920s

Question 39

russian revolution of 1917

Answer 39

militray were defeated, cold and hungry
izar Nicholous II abdicates (march 1917)
“provisional goverment” continues war
discontent with liberal government
Bolseviks became party into power
= communist
soliders supported this party
Bolshevicks win civil war

Question 40

stalin

Answer 40

“a gray blur”, not seen as a threat
very rude to Lenin’s wife
became general secretary of the communist party of the Soviet Union (position held lots of power, he knew this)
bureaucratic, not brilliant
Stalin won in 1920s.
leader of the Soviet Union in WW2

Question 41

GULag

Answer 41

system of labor camps
already existed in 1918
grew hugely in late 1930s
could be found in northern russia

Question 42

collectivization

Answer 42

a time from from 1921 to late 1920
liberalization of small-scale trade
small private shops allowed
but big business remains state-owned
evident in the first five-year plan 1928, collectivization of agriculture

Question 43

Adolf Hitler

Answer 43

in power for Germany from1933 (to1945)
w/o world economic crisis no Hitler
he re-armed Germany, public works projects
he came up with radical and attractive solutions in which the public supported
he was depicted soley within his uniforms
“scientific racism” = nationalism

Question 44

Mussolini

Answer 44

in power from 1923 until 1945
- fascism> long before world economic crisis
he believed strong Italy, anti-liberal, anti-democratic
his solution was- one man rule
he was also against socialist
Italian dictator

Question 45

fasicism

Answer 45

this was an ideology prominent in Italy since 1920s
centered around millenarianism, extreme nationalism, “machismo”, and national socialism
militarism- war was good and that it strengthened us.
nationalism- “Nazis” Germans were “biologically” superior.
“machisomo”- strength and virility above all, scorns “feminine virtues”, women seen as baby machines.
National socialism- nazi ideology hierarchy of “race”

Question 46

Great Depression

Answer 46

economic world crisis
black Thursdays: 24 October 1929
stock market crashed in new york
it caused a ripple effect- credit dried up, deflation, unemployment, banks closed, loans were called upon the loans that were taken out due to the first world war
only the USSR seemed immune to these consequences.