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OB > Second and Third Trimester OB > Flashcards

Second and Third Trimester OB Flashcards

1
Q

Congenital absence of one or both eyes.

A

Anophthalmia

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2
Q

Short broad head due to premature suture fusion

A

Brachycephaly

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3
Q

Congenital anomalies of the head due to teratogens or development disruptions of the nervous system

A

Cebocephaly

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4
Q

Abnormally formed organs

A

Dysgenesis

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5
Q

Congenital brain anomaly resulting from a migrational defect of the occipital horns of the lateral ventricles leading to ventricular enlargement

A

Colpocephaly

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6
Q

Malformation of an organ or structure

A

Dysmorphic

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7
Q

Long narrow head

A

Dolichocephaly

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8
Q

Dilatation or distention of a hollow structure

A

ectasia

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9
Q

Nares means________________

A

Nostrils

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10
Q

Either the rostral or caudal end of the neural tube

A

Neuropore

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11
Q

Posterior displacement of the maxilla and mandible

A

Retrognathia

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12
Q

Rostral is ________________________

A

Toward the cephalic or head end

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13
Q

Substance that interferes with embryonic development

A

Teratogen

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14
Q

Central portion of the cerebellum between the hemispheres

A

Vermis

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15
Q

According to guidelines set by the American College of Radiology, the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologist and the Society of Radiologist in Ultrasound, what are the minimal elements that must be included in the fetal anatomic examination?

A
  1. Lateral cerebral ventricles
  2. Choroid plexus
  3. Midline falx
  4. Cavum septi pellucidi
  5. Cerebellum
  6. Cisterna magna
  7. upper lip
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16
Q

Neural plate development completes at approximately days ___________ to __________

A

18 to 23

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17
Q

At approximately __________ menstrual weeks, the neural tube differentiates into the primitive brain and spinal cord

A

Six

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18
Q

What three segments make up the brain?

A

Prosencephalon(forebrain)
Mesencephalon ( midbrain)
Rhombencephalon ( Hind brain)

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19
Q

The forebrain becomes the_________ and the __________ resulting in the development of the __________, ____________ __________, ____________ ____________, and the ___________ __________.

A

Telencephalon and diencephalon
thalami, third ventricle, cerebral hemispheres, lateral ventricles

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20
Q

As the brain developes, the choroid plexus takes it’s position in the ____________ area of the ___________ ___________.

A

posterior
lateral ventricles

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21
Q

The metencephalon and myelencephalon arise from the anechoic _____________

A

Rhombencephalon

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22
Q

The upper portion of the fourth ventricle, pons and cerebellum originate from the __________

A

Metencephalon

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23
Q

BPD is measured at the level of the ___________ and ___________

A

thalami and cavum septi pellucidi or columns of the fornix

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24
Q

Define microcephaly

A

“Small Head”

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25
Q

Define Macrocephaly

A

“Large Head”, a HC two or three standard deviations above the mean for gestational age and sex

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26
Q

The image of the cerebellum may be obtained in a plane _________and __________to the BPD level.

A

parallel and inferior

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27
Q

In an endovaginal approach the lateral ventricles can be clearly seen by _____to _____ weeks of gestation as an ovoid structure filled with ___________ __________.

A

12 to 13
Choroid plexus

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28
Q

Using the transabdominal approach , the lateral ventricles readily image by ______ weeks gestation as paired anechoic areas within the brain substance

A

16

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29
Q

A prominent echogenic area is often seen in the lateral ventricle which represents the ___________ ___________.

A

Choroid plexus

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30
Q

By _______to ________ weeks gestation the corpus callosum is nearly fully developed.

A

18 - 20

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31
Q

The __________ _________ contains the cerebellum, the fourth ventricle, and the cisterna magna.

A

Posterior fossa

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32
Q

In the axial plane at the level of the biparietal diameter, what minimal structures that should be seen?

A

Thalmi, third ventricles, cavum septum pellucidum

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33
Q

In the axial plane when imaging the cerebellum, what are the structures that should be seen?

A

Cerebellum, cisterna magna, vermis

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34
Q

When imaging the face in the coronal plane, what should be seen?

A

soft tissues of the nose, lip and chin

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35
Q

When imaging the face in the sagittal plane of the profile, what should be seen?

A

Confirm correct symmetry of forehead, nose, lips and chin

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36
Q

Hypotelorism is most commonly associated with_______________

A

Holoprosencephaly

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37
Q

____________is a increased orbital distance, occuring in either isolation , with malformations, or as part of a syndrome.

A

Hypertelorism

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38
Q

Syndromes associated with hypertelorism include _________, ___________, ____________, ______________-__________ and _____________ _______________.

A

Apert, Crouzon, Noonan, Pena-Shokeir and Pfeiffer syndromes

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39
Q

Orbital diameter smaller than the fifth percentile for gestational age

A

Microphthalmia

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40
Q

_______________ in a fetus images as the tongue extending beyond the teeth or alveolar ridge.

A

Macroglossia

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41
Q

Macroglossia may be seen in images of fetuses with trisomy _________ and ____________-_____________ syndrome

A

21
Beckwith-Weidmann

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42
Q

Severely hypoplastic mandible

A

Micrognathia

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43
Q

What type of ectopic pregnancy is surrounded by less than 5 mm of myometrium

A

Interstitial

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44
Q

What is the failure of pregnancy to develop?

A

Anembryonic

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45
Q

During a sonographic examination on a first trimester pregnancy, a crescent shaped complex fluid collection is seen between the gestational sac and uterine wall, what is the most likely cause?

A

Subchorionic hemorrhage

46
Q

What is the most common location of an ectopic pregnancy

A

Ampulla of the fallopian tubes

47
Q

A congenital fissure that remains open past 11 weeks in the wall of the abdomen just to the right of the umbilical cord is

A

Gastroschisis

48
Q

Cranial anatomy is routinely visualized after how many gestational weeks

A

12-14 weeks

49
Q

A partial absence of the cranium is called

A

Acrania

50
Q

Multiple tiny clusters of grape like echoes within the uterine cavity best describes

A

Gestational trophoblastic disease

51
Q

Neural plate development completes at days

A

18-23

52
Q

What is the sonographic characteristic of cephalocele

A

Complex paracranial mass

53
Q

What is a sonographic feature of anencephaly

A

Frogeyes

54
Q

During a sonographic examination a wide high third ventricle, teardrop-shaped ventricle, a widened ventricular atria, absent cavum septi pellucid, and a sunburst appearance of the gyri and suli were imaged in the fetal brain, what malformation do these findings support?

A

Agenesis of the corpus callosum

55
Q

A large herniation of the posterior fossa contents into the foramen magnum with hydrocephalus and myelomeningocele describes which type of Arnold-Chiari malformation?

A

IV

56
Q

Beta hCG levels plateau at __________ weeks

A

9-11

57
Q

Define the discriminatory cutoff for beta hCG

A

The level when an embryo visualizes on ultrasound

58
Q

What type of pregnancy is indicated by movement of an hourglass-shaped gestational sac with pressure from the endovaginal transducer?

A

Pending miscarriage

59
Q

What type of resolution describes the minimum distance between two bright echoes perpendicular to the beam path?

A

Axial

60
Q

What is the ratio of the BPD and the OFD called?

A

Cephalic Index

61
Q

What is the correct method to measure the BPD

A

Transverse, lateral outer to inner

62
Q

What are the anatomic landmarks used to determine the correct level to measure the BPD

A

Thalamus, Falx, Cavum septum pellucidum

63
Q

Which measurement is the most important indicator of fetal weight?

A

Abdominal Circumference (AC)

64
Q

What portion of the femur does the sonographer measure to obtain the length?

A

Osseous femoral diaphysis

65
Q

What weight is considered macrosomia?

A

> 4000 g

66
Q

What is the congenital absence of one or both eyes

A

Anophthalmia

67
Q

Head end of the neural tube

A

Rostral

68
Q

Long narrow head

A

dolichocephaly

69
Q

Term describing the ability of embryonic cells to differentiate into any cell type

A

Pluripotent

70
Q

What malformation demonstrates cystic dilatation of the fourth ventricle

A

Dandy - Walker malformation

71
Q

Absence of the major portion of the brain, skull and scalp

A

Anencephaly

72
Q

Type of holoprosencephaly where most of the brain has separated into two hemispheres but the cerebral hemispheres are fused at the frontal cortex

A

Lobar

73
Q

Which is the most severe form of holoprosencephaly

A

Alobar

74
Q

Neural tube defect resulting from incomplete closure of the bony elements of the spine

A

Spina Bifida

75
Q

Abdominal wall defect where the abdominal organs develop outside of the baby’s abdominal cavity and remain attached directly to the placenta

A

Body stalk anomaly

76
Q

Birth defect that is a sac like structure with a thin wall that most commonly occurs in the head and neck area

A

Cystic Hygroma

77
Q

One or more extra fingers or toes

A

Polydactyl

78
Q

Large amount of fluid build up in a baby’s tissue and organs causing extensive swelling

A

Hydrops

79
Q

What is the cephalic index formula

A

BPD/OFDx100

80
Q

What are the three segments that make up the brain

A

Prosencephalon (forebrain)
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

81
Q

Short broad head due to premature suture fusion

A

Brachycephalic

82
Q

Microcephaly/Microencephaly

A

Small head

83
Q

Macrocephaly

A

Large head

84
Q

__________________carries more than 80% of cerebral blood flow and can be used to assess fetal well being

A

MCA (middle cerebral artery)

85
Q

Between 16 and 24 weeks gestation, the cerebellar diameter measured in millimeters correlates _____________with gestational age

A

1:1

86
Q

Which phase of pregnancy provides the most accurate dating

A

early embryonic phase

87
Q

The normal duration of pregnancy is

A

40 weeks from the LMP (38 week gestation + or - 2 to 3 weeks

88
Q

Lateral resolution is

A

across the path of the beam

89
Q

The most common and routine measurements to assess the fetal growth and well being are

A

BPD, HC, AC, FL

90
Q

To estimate an accurate fetal age, the BPD measurement should be obtained before ________________ weeks

A

33

91
Q

Shortening of the ventricle dimension of the skull and widening of both diameters of the transverse plane

A

platycephaly

92
Q

Preferred technique for measuring the fetal abdomen and head circumference is

A

ellipse

93
Q

Normally conception takes place about ______ weeks after the LMP

A

two

94
Q

A structure within the cranium that maintains a relationship to fetal growth throughout pregnancy is the

A

cerebellum

95
Q

The femur measurement can reliably used after __________ weeks gestation

A

14

96
Q

The choroid plexus invaginates into the

A

ventricles

97
Q

The metencephalon and myelencephalon are part of the

A

rhombencephalon

98
Q

What is the alternative measurement for the BPD

A

Head circumference (HC)

99
Q

The most studied artery in the fetal brain is the

A

MCA (middle cerebral artery)

100
Q

The frequent anomaly noted with cleft palate or cleft lip is

A

club foot

101
Q

Normal cisterna magna measurement

A

1 cm

102
Q

A fetal brain with no recognizable cerebral cortex and defined thalami and cerebellum is

A

Hydranencephaly

103
Q

Dandy-Walker malformation consist of

A

Marked cystic dilation of the fourth ventricle

104
Q

Smooth cerebral surface after 20 weeks

A

Lissencephaly

105
Q

A markedly retroflexed neck is an indication

A

Iniencephaly

106
Q

Enlargement of the ventricles and cerebrospinal fluid displacement of the choroid plexus results in a condition called

A

Dangling choroid plexus

107
Q

A measurement of the lateral ventricular atrium should not exceed

A

1 cm

108
Q

The forebrain is also know as the

A

Prosencephalon

109
Q

The great cerebral vein is also called

A

the vein of galen

110
Q

The third ventricle is positioned between the ___________ and the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles

A

thalami

111
Q

Most frequent craniofacial anomalies

A

facial clefts

112
Q

The tongue extending beyond the teeth or alveolar ridge is

A

macroglossia

OB (5 decks)

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