OB II Chapter 26, 27 and 28 Flashcards
Serous fluid accumulation in a body cavity such as the scrotum
hydrocele
Representing two genders
Dysmorphism
Underdevelopment or imcomplete development of a body part
Potter Sequence
Complete absence of a body part
Aplasia
Type of kidney where the upper poles fuse, resulting in an appearance similar to a horseshoe
Horseshoe kidney
Congenital disorder of the urinary system resulting in the absence of the abdominal muscles, undescended testicles, and urinary tract problems
Prune belly syndrome
Dilation of the renal pelvices and calices, usually caused by obstruction
Hydronephrosis
Obstructing membrane in the male urethra located posteriorly because of abnormal urethral development
Posterior urethral valves
Dilation of the renal calices
Caliectasis
In the first trimester, fetal kidneys appear ____________ to the surrounding anatomy
isoechoic
When the second trimester fetal renals are difficult to visualize, what method will assist in imaging them?
Color and /or power
The fetal bladder should be visualized by:
11 to 13 weeks
The fetal bladder fills and voids approximately once every:
60 minutes
Bladder wall thickness cannot be visualized clearly without
the bladder being distended
Oligohydramnios is defined as an amniotic fluid volume of less than ______ cc, as indicated by a maximum vertical pocket (MVP) of less than 2 cm or an amniotic fluid index (AFI) of less than ________ cm on ultrasound
500, 5
_____________ is a condition that a fetus has pulmonary hypoplasia secondary to oligohydramnios, typically because of renal failure
Potter syndrome
In the case of the unilateral agenesis, the existing kidney is invariably larger than in a fetus with two kidneys because of:
Compensatory hypertrophy
Renal ectopia is a condition where,
a kidney is positioned outside of the renal fossa
Severe fetal hydronephrosis is an APRPD over:
15 mm
The prognosis is poor for a fetus with:
bilateral hydronephrosis
pulmonary hypoplasia
bladder obstruction
Megaureter is diagnosed when the ureter measures greater than:
7 mm
A ureterocele is mostly associated with:
A duplicated collecting system
Predominantly female renal and/or bladder anomalies include:
polycystic kidneys
Causes of UPJ include:
ureteral kinks
peripelvic adhesions
aberrant renal vessels
Metablastic nephromas are mostly related to
polyhydramnios
The fetal adrenals are best imaged in the:
third trimester
Type of kidney that causes hypertension
pelvic kidney
Abnormal shortening of the middle portion of a limb
mesomelia
shortening of the most proximal portion of a fetal limb
rhizomelia
abnormally sort limb
micromelia
flattened vertebral bodies with a decreased distance between the endplates
platyspondyly
Fusion of soft tissue or body segments of fetal digits
syndactyly
shortening of the most distal portion of a fetal limb
acromelia
Condition of having more than the normal number of digits on a hand or foot
polydactyly
abnormal position of the fetal foot and ankle
Talipes
The epiphyseal regions of the femur and tibia can be seen sonographically between _________ and __________ weeks
32nd and 35th
Then normal fetal hand should be viewed in
both flexion and extension positions
A short limb dysplasia affecting the humerus is:
rhizomelia
Shortening of the entire limb is known as:
micromelia
An abnormally small lower jaw
micrognathia
A type of skeletal dysplasia demonstrating sonographically as a narrow bell-shaped thorax is most likely:
pulmonary hypoplasia
Characteristics of rhizomelic limb bowing, frontal bossing, a low nasal bridge, a “trident” configuration of the hand, macrocephaly, and hydrocephaly may be noted with:
Achondroplasia
Central polydactyly affects the:
Three middle digits of the hand
The absence of one or more hands is:
apodia
Holt-Oram syndrome demonstrates abnormalities of the skeletal system and:
cardiac system
Amniotic band sequence is believed to be related to:
Cleft lip/palate
ectopia cordis
amputation
The mermaid syndrome is rare and lethal and also known as:
sirenomelia
Congenital hypophosphatasia is an inherited disease related to:
defective bone mineralization
Maternal hyperthyroidism contributes to:
craniosynostosis
What is the most likely cause of digit and limb amputation?
Amniotic bands
The most common cause of skeletal deformities is:
toxic agents
Low fluid surrounding the fetus
Oligohydramnios
Abnormally high level of circulating carbon dioxide
Hypercapnia
Reduced blood oxygen levels
Hypoxemia
Prenatal testing including only the NST and AFI
Modified biophysical profile
Intravenous injection of oxytocin causing the uterus to contract. Monitoring of the fetal reaction to to uterine contractions aims to determine how the fetus reacts to environmental stress
Oxytocin challenge test (OCT)
Amount of fluid within the amniotic sac surrounding the fetus. The AFI is an estimate of this amount.
Amniotic fluid volume (AFV)
Monitoring of fetal activity to include breathing movements, discrete movements, tone, and fluid surrounding the fetus accompanied by a NST
Biophysical profile
Technique of concurrently recording the fetal heart beat and contractions
cardiotocographic (CTG)
Decrease in oxygen content of the blood accompanied by an increase in carbon dioxide
Asphyxia
Electronic fetal heart monitoring is performed by:
OCT
To pass the fetal breathing portion of a BPP, the fetus must exhibit:
at least one episode of sustained fetal breathing of at least 30 seconds duration within a 30 minute span
Fetal movements in pregnancy imply normalcy of the fetal:
CNS
Fetal movements of the trunk, large limbs, swallowing, face and hands are categorized as:
gross body movements
AFI is determined by:
Measuring four quadrants in the deepest vertical pocket and totaling the values
A normal BPP score is 8 or 10, and fetal compromise is likely with a score of
4 or less
Acceleration is defined as:
Increase in the fetal heart rate over the baseline of at least 15 beats per minute, and lasting at least 15 seconds associated with fetal movement
Startle means:
quick, generalized movement always initiated in limbs and sometimes spreading to neck and trunk
Normal fetal tone is:
At least one episode of extension of extremities with return to position of flexion, is visualized in a 30-minute observation period
An AFI plus an NST is known as:
Modified BPP
Regular patterns of fetal breathing are defined as:
40 to 60 breaths per minute
BPP, AFI, and NST testing typically occurs :
Once weekly
Independent limb movements occur at:
weeks 10 to 12
Fetal movement is mostly related to:
Maturation of the CNS
Fetal breathing can be gauged with a real-time scanner by viewing the fetal abdomen in a longitudinal fashion, as well as by observing:
caudal- cephlad kidney movement
Congenital anomaly where the urinary bladder extends through a ventral wall defect.
Bladder extrophy
Normal hypoechoic structures seen within the kidneys
Medullary pyramids
Nonhereditary form of polycystic kidney disease
autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
Dilatation of the vagina seen in the female fetus
Hydrocolpos
What scanning angle avoids artificial limb shortening when performing biometry?
Perpendicular
Term describing fetal blood pH less than 7
Acidosis
What is the maximum score a sonographer can give on a biophysical profile
8
How can the sonographer avoid mistaking the fetal heart movement for breathing?
Image the diaphragm on the sagittal plane
What is the first sonographically observed biophysical change seen with fetal hypoxia?
Heart rate reactivity
The most common fetal malformation involves the_____________ system
genitournary
In a transverse plane, fetal kidneys are ________ shaped
oval
The ____________arteries will assist in locating the fetal bladder
umbilical
Kidney located on the opposite side from which the ureter inserts into the bladder.
Crossed renal ectopia
Congenital absence of one or both kidneys
renal agenesis
Most common renal fusion anomaly
Horseshoe
Most common cause of congenital obstructive hydronephrosis
UPJ obstruction
Failure of the testes to complete the migratory descent into the scrotum
cryptorchidism
Dilated bladder
megacystitis
The premature fusion of one or several cranial sutures is
craniosynostosis
clubfoot is frequently caused by_____________ or other conditions that limit fetal movement
oligohydramnios
Achondrogenesis is lethal because of_________________
pulmonary hypoplasia
The femur bone may resemble the ____________ bone on sonography
humeral
The most severe form of OI is Type
2
Monitoring the fetus in the second and third trimesters can be performed by the mother in the way of
kick counts
The first maternal perception of fetal movement is known as:
quickening
AFI is determined by measuring depth of fluid of ___________ quadrants
four
Amniotic fluid cannot be measured in a pocket that contains
umbilical cord
Fetal movement is usually noted by the mother at ____________ weeks
16 to 20
Irregular slow fetal breathing involves ___________ breaths per minute
6 to 20
Rhythmic burst of regular jaw opening and closing at the rate of about one per second suggest ___________ activity
swallowing
The ___________ plane through the fetal chest best demonstrates fetal breathing
sagittal
NST that did not respond as expected to the allotted time span
nonreactive NST
