Sec 21 Epidermal and Appendegeal Tumors Flashcards
A common feature of all premalignant keratinocyte tumors
Potential to become invasive squamous cell carcinoma
Cutaneous neoplasms consisting of proliferations of cytologically abnormal epidermal keratinocytes that develop in response to prolonged exposure to ultraviolet
Actinic Keratosis or Solar Keratosis
Are the initial lesion in a disease continuum that may progress to SCC
Actinic Keratosis
Risk factors for development of Actinic keratoses
Individual susceptibility (older age, male gender, fair skin that easily burns and freckles, blond or red hair, light-colored eyes)
Cumulative ultraviolet radiation exposure Immunosuppression
Prior history of actinic keratoses or other skin cancers
Genetic syndromes (Xeroderma pigmentosum, Bloom syndrome, Rothmund-Thomson syndrome)
The most important contributing factor in the development of AKs and SCC
Habitual exposure to UV radiation
Play a pivotal role in the initiation of AKs and their development into SCC
Tumor suppressor gene p53
Typical patient is an older, fair-skinned, light-eyed individual who has a history of significant sun exposure, who burns and freckles rather than tans, and who has significant solar elastosis on examination
Actinic keratosis
Presents most commonly as a 2-6 mm erythematous, flat, rough, gritty or scaly papule; usually more easily felt than seen; most often found against a background of photodamaged skin or dermatoheliosis, with solar elastosis, dyspigmentation, yellow discoloration, ephelides and lentigos, telangiectases, and sagging skin notably prominent
Erythematous AK
Presents as a thicker, scaly, rough papule or plaque that is skin-colored, gray–white, or erythematous; can be found on any habitually sun-exposed site on the body but has a propensity for the dorsal hands, arms, and scalp
Hypertrophic AK
AKA cornu cutaneum; refers to a reaction pattern and not a particular lesion; a type of HAK that presents with a conical hypertrophic protuberance emanating from a skin-colored to erythematous papular base; height is at least one-half of the largest diameter
Cutaneous horn
Pathology underlying Cutaneous horn
Actinic keratosis Squamous cell carcinoma Seborrheic keratosis Filiform verruca vulgaris Trichilemmoma Keratoacanthoma
Represents confluent AKs on the lips, most often the lower lip; presents with red, scaly, chapped lips, and at times erosions or fissures may be present; complain of persistent dryness and cracking of the lips
Actinic cheilitis
May be a marker of progression of AK to SCC
Pain
Inflammation
Treatment: Actinic Keratosis
Lesion-targeted therapies
Liquid nitrogen cryotherapy
Curettage with or without electrosurgery
Shave excision
Treatment: Actinic Keratosis
Topical field therapies
5-fluorouracil cream and solution
Imiquimod cream
3% diclofenac gel
Treatment: Actinic Keratosis
Procedural field therapies
Cryopeeling Dermabrasion Medium-depth chemical peel Deep chemical peel Laser resurfacing Photodynamic therapy
Most common destructive procedure and is typically administered with a spray device or a cotton-tipped applicator with ideal freeze time of 10-15 secs
Liquid nitrogen cryosurgery
Cryosurgery: benefits
Ease of administration in trained hands
Lack of need for anesthetic
Lack of reliance on patient compliance
Cryosurgery: disadvantages
Pain and discomfort Presence of unsightly blisters and crusted wounds for a week or longer Hypopigmentation Scarring Possible alopecia in treated areas
Constitute approximately 80% of all treatments for AKs in the United States
Liquid nitrogen cryosurgery
Curettage with or without electrosurgery
Most appropriate for patients with relatively few AKs; beneficial for treatment of lesions after biopsy and for the treatment of HAKs
Curettage with or without electrosurgery
Involves injection of a local anesthetic followed by tangential excision of the lesion with a surgical blade; most often indicated when a clinically apparent AK is suspicious for SCC or BCC and histopathologic examination is needed
Shave excision
Signs and symptoms that should arouse suspicion of SCC
Marked erythema Pain Ulceration Bleeding Induration Failure to respond to prior destructive therapies
Best used in patients with moderate to severely photodamaged skin and numerous AKs that would be too burdensome and painful to treat with the lesion-targeted therapies
Field therapies