Sec 1 Introduction

Question 1

Occurs when factors that lead to selection of the study population affect the likelihood of the outcomes or exposures evaluated

Answer 1

Selection bias

Question 2

Occurs when the assessment of exposure or outcome may differ between the groups being compared

Answer 2

Information bias

Question 3

Occurs when an observed association (or lack thereof) between exposure and disease is due to the influence of a third factor on both the exposure and the disease

Answer 3

Confounding

Question 4

The exposure must precede the disease.

Answer 4

Time Sequence

Question 5

Replication of the observed association is key and provides the strongest evidence if the replications are many and diverse and with consistent results.

Answer 5

Consistency on Replication

Question 6

True causal relationships may be strong or weak, but artifactual associations are unlikely to have a high relative risk.

Answer 6

Strength of Association

Question 7

This criterion refers to an association of the degree of exposure with occurrence of disease, in addition to an overall association of presence of exposure with disease.

Answer 7

Graded Association

Question 8

Refers to plausibility based on evidence other than the existence of an association between this exposure and this disease in epidemiologic studies.

Answer 8

Coherence

Question 9

A critical measure of disease impact

Answer 9

Mortality

Question 10

Refers to the number of new cases of a disorder.

Answer 10

Incidence

Question 11

Refers to the proportion of the population affected by a disorder.

Answer 11

Prevalence

Question 12

One practical measure of disease frequency that may reflect its incidence, prevalence, and severity, as well as access to health care.

Answer 12

Number of Physician Visits

Question 13

The use of the best current evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. It is predicated on asking clinical questions, finding the best evidence to answer the questions, critically appraising the evidence, applying the evidence to the treatment of specific patients, and saving the critically appraised evidence. This approach is most appropriate for frequently encountered conditions.

Answer 13

Evidence-based medicine (EBM)

Question 14

Extent to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to measure

Answer 14

Validity

Question 15

Ability to detect clinical change

Answer 15

Responsiveness

Question 16

Numeric measure of the value a patient places on a given health state compared with other health states

Answer 16

Utility

Question 17

An overview that answers a specific clinical question

Answer 17

Systemic review

Question 18

Provides an objective and quantitive summary of evidence that is amenable to statistical analysis

Answer 18

Meta-analysis

Question 19

Results when factors other than the quality of the study are allowed to influence its acceptability for plublication

Answer 19

Publication bias

Question 20

State of complete physical, mental and social well-being

Answer 20

Health

Question 21

The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical and mental health and efficiency through organized community efforts.

Answer 21

Public health