Sean - The Electron Transport Chain and ATP Synthesis Flashcards
What does the TCA cycle produce?
3 NADH + H+
1 FADH2
1 GTP
How much ATP does the TCA cycle produce?
10 molecules of ATP
How much ATP does NADH + H+ give?
NADH+ H+ gives 2.5 ATP each (7.5 ATP in total per cycle)
How much ATP does 1FADH2 give?
1.5 ATP per molecule
Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
The mitochondria
How does oxidative phosphorylation begin?
Electrons from NADH and FADH enter the electron transport chain
How does oxidative phosphorylation begin?
Electrons from NADH and FADH enter the electron transport chain
What does NAD stand for?
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
What does FAD stand for?
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
What is the electron transport chain also called?
Respiratory chain
What happens when electrons from NAD and FAD enter the electron transport chain?
(2)
The electrons are transferred to oxygen
FADH2 and NADH are regenerated to NAD+ and FAD
What is done with the energy from the regeneration of FADH2 and NADH?
The energy is used to pump H+ ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane
What results from the pumping of H+ ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane?
(2)
It produces a proton gradient across the membrane
This is harnessed by ATP synthase to drive ATP production
What does the electron transport chain consist of?
Consists of a series of electron carriers which sit in the inner mitochondrial membrane
Describe what exactly are electron carriers
Most of these are integral proteins with prosthetic groups capable of accepting and donating either one or two electrons
List the five electron carriers
- NAD+
- Flavoproteins e.g. FAD, FMN
- Ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q)
- Iron containing proteins e.g. cytochromes and iron-sulphur proteins
- Oxygen
Give two examples of flavoproteins
FAD
FMN
What is ubiquinone also called?
Coenzyme Q
What is ubiquinone also called?
Coenzyme Q
Give two examples of iron containing proteins that act as the fourth electron carrier
Cytochromes
Iron-sulphur proteins
Where in the chain can electrons enter the ETC?
Can enter at two points:
- Electrons from NADH enter the ETC at Complex 1
- Electrons from FADH2 enter the ETC at Complex 2
Where do electrons from NADH enter the ETC?
Enter at complex 1
Where do electrons from FADH2 enter the ETC?
Enter at complex II
In general, what happens in the electron transport chain?
Electrons are transferred through the series of membrane bound proteins and chemical electron carriers to oxygen