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2.1 Biochemistry of Metabolism > Brenda - Glycolysis > Flashcards

Brenda - Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

Define glycolysis
(3)

A

Splitting of sugar

The universal pathway for glucose breakdown

Anaerobic

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2
Q

Why is glycolysis necessary?
(3)

A

To produce energy in the form of ATP
and NADH (energy carriers)

To convert glucose into pyruvate for the Krebs cycle

To generate precursors for other pathways e.g. serine synthesis

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3
Q

How many molecules of ATP are made by glycolysis?

A

4 ATP out

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4
Q

How many molecules of ATP are needed for glycolysis to occur?

A

2 ATP in

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5
Q

How many carbons are in glucose?

A

6C

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6
Q

What is NADH+ +H+ before collecting 2 electrons?

A

NAD+

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7
Q

How many molecules of NAD+ are needed for glycolysis?

A

2NAD+

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8
Q

What is the fate of the 2NADH and H+ produced by glycolysis?

A

It’s used to make ATP in the mitochondria

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9
Q

Overall, what is glucose broken into by glycolysis?

A

2 x Pyruvate (3C)

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10
Q

Where does glycolysis occur in eukaryotes?

A

In the cytosol

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11
Q

After glycolysis in the cytosol, where does further oxidation occur?

A

In the mitchondria

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12
Q

Write a note on reaction 1
(6)

A

Glucose is converted into Glucose 6 phosphate

Catalysed by hexokinase

Energy needed in the form of ATP (ATP -> ADP)

Mg2+ is required

Hexokinase is inhibited by G-6-P

Liver hexokinase is not inhibited by G-6-P which allows the liver to adjust the rate of glucose utilisation in response to blood glucose levels

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13
Q

What inhibits hexokinase?

A

G-6-P

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14
Q

What does liver hexokinase do?

A

Liver hexokinase is not inhibited by G-6-P which allows the liver to adjust the rate of glucose utilisation in response to blood glucose levels

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15
Q

Write a note on reaction 2
(3)

A

The isomerisation of G6P

Glucose-6-phosphate is converted into Fructose-6-phosphate

Catalysed by phosphoglucoisomerase

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16
Q

Write a note on reaction 3
(7)

A

Fructose-6-phosphate is converted into Fructose bisphosphate

Catalysed by phosphofructokinase (PFK)

Needs energy in ATP (ATP ->ADP)

Phosphorylation reaction

The first step at which glycolysis is regulated

PFK is an allosteric enzyme

Two phosphates are also made

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17
Q

Phosphofructokinase is an allosteric enzyme, what does this mean?

A

The enzyme has another site other than it’s active site

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18
Q

What is the enzyme for reaction 2?

A

phosphoglucoisomerase

19
Q

What is the enzyme for reaction 3?

A

Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

20
Q

Write a note on reaction 4
(3)

A

Fructose bis phosphate is converted to DHAP (Dihydroxyacetone phosphate) and G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate)

Catalysed by aldolase

Cleavage reaction

21
Q

What does DHAP stand for?

A

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

22
Q

What does G3P stand for?

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

23
Q

Write a note on reaction 5
(3)

A

DHAP is converted into G3P

Catalysed by triose phosphate isomerase

An isomerization reaction

24
Q

What is the enzyme for reaction 5?

A

Triose phosphate isomerase

25
Q

Give the types of the first five reactions of glycolysis

A

1 = phosphorylation
2 = isomerization
3 = phosphorylation
4 = cleavage
5 = isomerisation

26
Q

Write a note on reaction 6
(4)

A

Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate is converted into bisphosphoglycerate

Catalysed by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH)

Generates two NADH

Oxidation and phosphorylation

27
Q

What is the catalyst for reaction 6?

A

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH)

28
Q

Write a note on reaction 7
(4)

A

Bisphosphoglycerate is converted to 3-phosphoglycerate

Catalysed by phosphoglycerate kinase

Produces 2 ATPs

Substrate level phosphorylation reaction

29
Q

What is the enzyme for reaction 7?

A

Phosphoglycerate kinase

30
Q

How many ATPs are produced by reaction 7?

A

2 ATP

31
Q

Write a note on reaction 8
(3)

A

3 Phosphoglycerate is converted into 2 phosphoglycerate

Catalysed by phosphoglycerate mutase

Isomerisation reaction

32
Q

What is the enzyme for reaction 8?

A

Phosphoglycerate mutase

33
Q

Write a note on reaction 9
(4)

A

2 phosphoglycerate is converted into phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

Catalysed by enolase

PEP is a super high energy compound

Dehydration reaction

34
Q

What is the enzyme for reaction 9?

A

Enolase

35
Q

Write a note on reaction 10?
(4)

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate is converted into pyruvate

Catalysed by pyruvate kinase

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Produces 2 ATP

36
Q

What does PEP stand for?

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate

37
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced by step 10?

A

2 molecules of ATP

38
Q

How is lactose broken down into pyruvate?
(3)

A

Lactose is a polysaccharide made of glucose and galactose

Lactase works on lactose to break it down to it’s monosaccharides

Glucose enters glycolysis as normal

Galactose is then isomerised to form Glucose-6-phosphate which joins the cycle at reaction 2

39
Q

How is sucrose broken down into pyruvate?
(4)

A

Sucrose is a disaccharide made of glucose and fructose

Sucrase breaks sucrose down into it’s simple sugars

Glucose enters glycolysis as normal

Fructose is phosphorylated into fructose-6-phosphate which then joins the cycle at reaction 3

40
Q

How is maltose broken down into pyruvate?
(2)

A

Maltose is made of two glucose units

Maltase acts on maltose breaking it down into the two glucose molecules which enter the cycle as normal

41
Q

What happens to pyruvate?

A

Most will be converted to acetyl CoA and oxidised through the TCA cycle

42
Q

What type of reaction is the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?

A

Oxidative decarboxylation

43
Q

What catalyses the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl-co A?

A

PDH

44
Q

At what steps is glycolysis regulated?

A

Reaction 1, 3, 10

2.1 Biochemistry of Metabolism (21 decks)

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