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2.1 Biochemistry of Metabolism > Sean - Introduction > Flashcards

Sean - Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Define metabolism

A

Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions taking place in a cell or organism

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2
Q

What are the two broad categories of biochemical reaction?

A

Catabolic
Anabolic

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3
Q

What happens in catabolism?

A

Large molecules are taken apart/broken down into smaller molecules

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4
Q

What happens in anabolism?

A

Molecules are created - usually small molecules are combined to form a larger molecule

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5
Q

Classify reactions in terms of energy

A

Exergonic
Endergonic

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6
Q

What is an exergonic reaction?
(3)

A

A reaction where the reactants have more free energy than the products

It involves a net release of energy and/or an increase in entropy

Occurs spontaneously

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7
Q

How can you identify an exergonic reaction?

A

There is an increase in entropy
Energy goes out of the reaction - not in

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8
Q

What is an endergonic reaction?
(3)

A

A reaction whereby the reactants have less free energy than the products
Involves a net input of energy and/or a decrease in entropy
Does not occur spontaneously - energy input is needed

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9
Q

How do you recognise an endergonic reaction?

A

There will be a decrease in entropy
Energy input is needed

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10
Q

How can reactions power each other?

A

Exergonic reactions can power endergonic reactions -> coupled reactions

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11
Q

What is the body’s universal energy currency?

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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12
Q

What must be done to ATP to release energy?

A

ATP must be converted to ADP -> breakage of a high energy bond

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13
Q

What allows exergonic and endergonic reactions to be coupled?

A

ATP couples these two reactions

Exergonic -> releases ATP

Endergonic -> uses ATP

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14
Q

Give the equation for a coupled reaction (showing the flow of energy)

A

A+B -> C + D + ENERGY

E + F + ENERGY –> G + H

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15
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins
Catalysts
Specific for their substrate
Tend to end in ‘ase’

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16
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A chemical agent that accelerates a chemical reaction without being consumed/changed in the process

17
Q

Why are enzymes used in biochemical reactions?
(4)

A

They speed up the rate of reaction without being consumed in the process

They allows for the conversion of substrate to product (convert nutrients into the cells own molecules)

Utilise and conserve energy by breaking and forming new bonds

Synthesise and degrade biomolecules required for cell function

18
Q

Classify enzymes
(6)

A

Oxidoreductases

Transferases

Hydrolases

Lysases

Isomerases

Ligases

19
Q

Classify enzymes
(6)

A

Oxidoreductases

Transferases

Hydrolases

Lyases

Isomerases

Ligases

20
Q

What are oxidoreductases?

A

Enzymes that catalyse oxidation-reduction reactions (transfer of electrons / H atom reactions)

21
Q

What are transferases?

A

Enzymes that catalyse the transfer of functional groups

22
Q

What are hydrolases?

A

Enzymes that catalyse hydrolysis reactions (cleavage and introduction of water reactions)

23
Q

What are lyases?

A

Enzymes that catalyse the addition of groups to form double bonds or formation of double bonds by removal of groups

24
Q

What are isomerases?

A

Enzymes that catalyse isomerization (intramolecular rearrangements)

The transfer of groups within molecules to yield isomeric form

25
Q

What are ligases?

A

Enzymes that catalyse the formation of C-C, C-S, C-O and C-N bonds by condensation reactions coupled with ATP breakdown

26
Q

What bonds are formed by condensation reactions?
(4)

A

C-C

C-S

C-O

C-N

27
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

A chemical reaction in which two molecules of functional groups combine to form a larger molecule

28
Q

How long would it take for DNA to degrade without DNAses?

A

It would take about 50,000 years

2.1 Biochemistry of Metabolism (21 decks)

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