SD Day 3 Flashcards by Ian Christopher Mangaoang

Medications given fro patients with angina pectoris

NTG - Nitroglycerides

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Maximum dosage for nitroglycerides

3 tabs sublingual

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Common side effects of nitroglycerides

headaches, dizziness, tachycardia and orthostatic hypotension

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aka “Zosin” drugs

Alpha 1 blockers

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Side effects of alpha 1 blockers

reflex tachycardia and orthostatic hypotension

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aka “olol drugs”

Beta Blockers

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Reflexes blood vessels and heart mm.

beta blockers

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used as an antidote for beta blocker overdose

atropine

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Side effects of calcium blockers

Peripheral Edema

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aka “Pril” drugs

ACE inhibitors

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side effects of ACE inhibitors

dry hacking cough

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medication common given for patients with CHF

Digitalis or Digoxin

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Effects of Digitalis

Increase heart contractility and decreases heart rate

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Antidote for digitalis toxicity

Atropine, digibind/digifab (increases heart rate)

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Medications prescribed for patients with edema

diuretics

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Side-effects of diuretics

electrolyte imbalance

Hypokalemia and Hyponatremia

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This type of medications converts plasminogen to plasmin, degrades fibrin presents in clots

thrombolytics

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Used to reduce risk of blood clots and prevents existing clots from getting bigger

anticoagulants (heparin - short term and warfarin - long term)

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Antidote of heparin overdose

Protamine sulfate

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This anticoagulant has a 7 day effects

Warfarin

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Antidote for warfarin overdose

Vitamin K

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Patients using warfarin and heparin are contraindicated for this type of manual therapy technique

Manipulation

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Frequency of exercise for patients in stage 1 of cardiac rehab

2-3x per day, 3-5x days per week

*short exercise sessions

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ruptures surgical area at the sternum

sternal dehiscence

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Cardiac rehab level: Comode Privilage

level 2

Cardiac rehab level: pulse taking

level 4

Cardiac rehab level: Borg's scale

level 3

Cardiac rehab level: full flight of stairs

level 6

Frequency of exercise for patients in stage 2 cardiac rehab

30-60 min with 5-10 min warm-up and cool down, 2-3 times per week

Exercises in stage 2 cardiac rehab must be at what range of Borgs RPE

11-13 Rate of Perceived Exertion

Goal of phase 3 of cardiac rehabilitation

supervised to self regulation exercise

Exercises in stage 3 cardiac rehab must be at what range of Borgs RPE

3-4x/week, 45 min or more per session

This phase is lifetime to prove optimal health and has cardiac stable cardiac condition.

Phase 4 cardiac rehabilitation

Sudden worsening of intermittent claudication indicates (red flag)

Thromboembolism

Angina not relieved within 20 min indicates (red flag)

MI or unstable angina

This structures compose the upper airway

nose or mouth, pharynx and larynx

This structure filters, humidifies and warms the air

nose

This structure is used for both respiratory and digestive systems

Pharynx

aka Voice Box

Larynx

Area where diffusion of gas and true gas exchange occurs

Respiratory Bronchioles, alveolar sac and alveoli

inhalation or ingestion of some foreign material into the lungs

aspiration

Most common area for apiration

left common bronchi

functional unit of the respiratory system

alveoli

1-16th generation of bronchi function

no gas exchange

17-23rd generation of bronchi function

gas exchange occurs

this lung has the cardiac notch

Left Lung

This lung is shorter in order to accommodate the liver

Right Lung

How many fissure and lobes does the right lung have

2 fissures (horizontal and oblique) and 3 lobes (upper, middle and lower)

How many fissures does the left lung have

1 fissure (oblique) and 2 lobes (upper and lower)

how segments does the Right lung have

10 segments

how many segments does the Left lung have

8 segments

If a chest x-ray has a radioopaque or white area where there would normally be air it would indicate

consideration of fluid, modules or masses

Inner pleura that covers the lungs

Visceral pleura

outer pleura that covers the chest wall

parietal pleura

This pleura in sensitive to pain

visceral pleura

exchange of gas between the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries

external respiration Haldane effect - gas exchange that occurs in a respiratory unit

exchange of gas between the capillaries and tissue

internal respiration - Bohr effects

primary muscles for inspiration

Diaphragm and External Intercostal mm

Primary muscle for expiration

none, relaxed expiration is done by the lungs natural recoil

Normal V/Q

0.8 (400/500)

High V/Q - more air, less blood

Dead Space

Area of the lungs with the lowest blood flow

Apex of the lungs

This area of the lung has evenly match ventilation and perfusion

Middle Lobe

This area of the lung has highest blood flow and is gravity dependent

Base

Painon neck and anterior chest

Tracheobronchial pain

sharp localized pain during respiratory movements, alleviated whinnying on left side (auto splinting)

Pleural Pain

felt along the coastal margin

Diaphragmatic pain

Pink and frothy sputum indicates

Pulmonary Edema

Purulent and yellow sputum indicates

infection

Purplish sputum indicates

neoplasm (cancer)

cause of jugular vein distention

increased pressure in the lungs

Enlargement of the right ventricle as compensation and begins to fail and causes?

Cor Pumonale

Special Test used to asses digital clubbing

Schamroth's Sign

Increase in anterior:posterior ratio and hyperinflation of the lungs (1:1)

Barrel Chest

Sternum is displaced anteriorly

Pectus Carinatum or Pigeon Chest

Sternum is displaced posteriorly

Pectus Excavatum or Funnel Chest

Mediastinal Shift: Atelectasis

Ipsilateral

Mediastinal Shift: Pneumonectomy

Ipsilateral

Mediastinal Shift: Lobectomy

Ipsilateral

Mediastinal Shift: Edema

Contralateral

Mediastinal Shift: Hemothorax

Contralateral

Mediastinal Shift: Abdominal Hernia

Contralateral

Mediastinal Shift: Pneumothorax

Contralateral

Hyperresonant Percussion Lungs indicate what condition

Emphysema

Tactile Fremitus test where in the patient repeats "99" and there is constant vibration from upper to lower lobes indicates?

Normal Lungs

Tactile Fremitus test where in the patient repeats "99" and there is Increasing vibration from upper to lower lobes indicates?

increased Secretion of lungs

Tactile Fremitus test where in the patient repeats "99" and there is decreasing from upper to lower lobes indicates?

decreased secretion of lungs

Adventitious Breath Sounds: Extremely High Pitched wheeze during inspiration - medical emergency

Stridor

Disease where in there is difficulty in expanding the lungs causing reduction in lung volume.

CRPD - Chronic Restrictive Pulmonary Disease

What are the 3 Causes of CRPD

1. alteration of lung parenchyma (cystic fibrosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis) 2. alteration of the chest wall - Scoliosis, AS, and burns to the chest wall 3. Decrease in muscular strength - diaphragm

Air in the pleural space, usually through a lacerated visceral pleura from a rib fracture or ruptured bullae

Pneumothorax

Blood in the pleural space usually from a laceration of the parietal pleura

Hemothorax

during pleural injury which position is the patient advised to lie down.

Ipsilateral side

Pain pattern of pneumothorax

Upper and Lateral thoracic wall with referral to ipsilateral shoulder, across the chest or over the abdomen

Collapsed or airless alveolar unit due to hypoventilation secondary to pain

Atelectasis

what is the most common cause of atelectasis

Post surgical complications (alveolar deflation side-effect of anesthesia)