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SD and NSD > SD D2 > Flashcards

SD D2 Flashcards

1
Q

Formula of ABI

A

LE SBP/UE SBP

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2
Q

Special Test to determine the latency of the radial and ulnar arteries.

A

Allen Test

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3
Q

Test wherein you examine color changes in skin during elevation followed by dependency (seated hanging position).

A

Rubor of Dependency

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4
Q

Exercise induced pain in the leg which is absent at rest.

A

Intermittent Claudication

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5
Q

This test determines the competence of the greater saphenous vein.

A

Percussion Test

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6
Q

This test checks the competence of the communication veins and saphenous vein.

A

Trendelenburg test or Retrograde filling test

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7
Q

LE is elevated and a tourniquet is placed on the thigh, leave for 1 min. Then check for venous distention before removing the tourniquet.

What is this special test and + sign

A

Trendelenburg test or Retrograde filling test

10 sec - valvular valve incompetence

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8
Q

This is a controversial special test because it promotes thrombus dislodgment.

A

Homans Sign

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9
Q

Disease wherein there is narrowing of the lumen of the coronary artery.

A

CAD - coronary artery disease

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10
Q

Main cause of CAD

A

Atherosclerosis

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11
Q

Three main cause of atherosclerosis.

A
  1. Plaque Formation - fats, calcium and fibrous scar
    2, Thrombus - blood clot
  2. Spasm - sudden constriction of the arteries (Reynauds Dse)
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12
Q

Two component of hyperlipidemia.

A

Hypercholeterolemia + hyepertriglyceridemia

with decreased HDL

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13
Q

Meds for hyperlipidemia

A

Statin drugs

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14
Q

Examples of Statin drugs

A

Lipitor, Zocor, Mevacor

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15
Q

Severe side-effect of statin drugs

A

Rhabdomyolysis

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16
Q

SSx of rhabdomyolysis

A

Dark Urine and mm weakness

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17
Q

Give the 6 modifiable risk factors of CAD

A
  1. Hyperlipidemia
  2. Hypertension
  3. Smoking
  4. Diet
  5. Physical Inactivity
  6. Stress
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18
Q

Give the 5 Non-Modifiable risk factors of CAD

A
  1. Age
  2. Sex (Male>Female)
  3. Race (African)
  4. Family History
  5. Post Menopause (decreased estrogen)
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19
Q

Other name of resting angina

A

angina decubitus

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20
Q

Other name of unstable angina

A

Crescendo angina
Preinfarction angina
Progressive angina

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21
Q

Angina caused by dreams

A

Nocturnal Angina

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22
Q

Common condition with nocturnal angina

A

CHF

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23
Q

Other name of Prinzmetal Angina

A

Variant Angina

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24
Q

What time does Prinzmetal angina often occur.

A

Morning, due to increase in blood clot mechanism.

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25
Q

Referred pain areas in angina pectoris (5)

A
  1. L upper rib cage
  2. L jaw
  3. L upper cervical area
  4. L ulnar nerve distribution
  5. L shoulder
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26
Q

Most common cause of Myocardial Infarction

A

Thrombosis

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27
Q

This is caused by sudden coronary perfusion or sudden decrease in blood to the heart

A

Myocardial infarction

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28
Q

Ssx of MI

A
  1. Sudden loss of responsiveness
  2. No Normal breathing
  3. No signs of circulation
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29
Q

What time is MI most common

A

Morning

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30
Q

Earliest Enzyme present in an MI

A

CKMB

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31
Q

This is the sole marker for MI, this enzyme stays elevated the longest in MI.

A

Cardiac Troponin

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32
Q

Give the three zones of infarction in Mi.

A
  1. Zone of Ischemia
  2. Zone of Injury
  3. Zone of Infarction
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33
Q

Zone of MI: Intact function deprived O2, T wave inversion with ST depression.

A

Zone of Ischemia

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34
Q

Zones of MI: Reversible with treatment, ST segment elevation

A

Zone of Injury

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35
Q

Zones of MI: Total deprevation of O2, necrosis, 75% dead (transmural MI) 25% still alive, ST segment elevation with Shrap Q wave

A

Zone of Infarction

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36
Q

ECG Changes: ST segment depression and T wave inversion

A

Zone of Ischemia

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37
Q

ECG Changes: ST segment elevation

A

Zone of Injury

38
Q

ECG Changes: Sharp Q wave

A

Zone of Infarction/Transmural MI

39
Q

number of mins for unstable angina.

A

20-30 min.

40
Q

S/sx Mi in women 1 month prior (4)

A 
SHAG
Sleep Disturbances 
Heart Racing 
Anxiety 
Gerd
41
Q

S/Sx MI in women during the attack (MI) (4)

A 
We Cold (called) DiNa
Weakness 
Cold Sweats 
Dizziness 
Nausea
42
Q

what structures rub during pericarditis (inflammation of the pericardium)

A

Parietal and visceral pericardium

43
Q

Area for auscultation for pericardium.

A

auscultate at the 3rd and 4th ICS atelier to the axillary line

44
Q

What sound will you hear during auscultation of pericarditis

A

Scratching sound that is loud during exhalation and forward being

45
Q

This happen in pericarditis, where in there is build up of pressure in the right side of the heart due to the accumulation of fluid.

A

Cardiac tamponade

46
Q

A decrease in systolic BP of >10mmHg during inhalation

A

Pulsus Paradoxus

47
Q

Becks Triad

A

Jugular Vein distention
Hypotension
Distant/muffled heart sounds (due to abnormal fluid fluid accumulation)

48
Q

State in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet metabolic needs of the body, even filling pressures are inadequate.

A

CHF

49
Q

Failure of one ventricle leads to failure fo the other ventricle

A

Ventricular Interdependence

50
Q

Abn accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

A

Ascites

51
Q

This type of aneurysm affects the ascending, transverse and descending portions of the aorta

A

Thoracic Aneurysm

52
Q

This occurs when there is a tear in the two layers of the Intima

A

Pseudolumen

53
Q

(+) Pulsating mass in the abdomen with abdominal pain and back pain

A

AAA Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

54
Q

Type of shock experienced during ruptures aneurysm

A

Hypovolemic Shock - failure of the circulatory system to supply blood to the organs

55
Q

Narrowing/constriction that prevents the valve from fully opening

A

Valve Stenosis

56
Q

Valve does not close properly causing blood back flow

A

Valvular Insufficiency

57
Q

Only happens in the Mitral Valve, Enlarged valve bulges backward in the atrium

A

Valvular Prolapse

58
Q

Inflammatory dse that affects heart, joint, skin and brain. Mainly caused by streptococcal bacteria in the throat

A

Rheumatic Fever

59
Q

Scarring and deformity of the heart valves due to rheumatic fever

A

RHD

60
Q

Flat and Painless skin rash in RF

A

Erythema Marginatum

61
Q

Hole in the wall between R Atrium and L atrium.

A

Atrial Septal Defect

62
Q

Hole in the wall between R Ventricle and L Ventricle.

A

Ventricular Septal Defect

63
Q

Failure of score int ascending aortas and pulmonary artery

A

Patent Doctus Arteriosus

64
Q

Give the tetralogy of Fallot.

A

Pulmonary Stenosis
R Ventricular Hypertorphy
Overiding of the Aorta (shift of the aorta to the right)
Ventricular Septal Defect

AKA: true BLUE baby

65
Q

Tx for “Tet Spell”

A

Knee to Chest Position: decreases the return of the systemic venous return

66
Q

SA node fires too slow

A

Sinus Brady Cardia

67
Q

T or F: Sinus Brady Cardia is normal in Athletes and during Sleep

A

True

68
Q

SA Node Fires too Fast

A

Sinus Tachycardia

69
Q

T or F Sinus Tachycardia is normal during exercise

A

True

70
Q

Premature beats that originate from the atria

A

Premature Atrial Contraction

71
Q

camel hub appearance in the ECG

A

Premature Atrial Contraction

72
Q

Rate of Atrial Flutter

A

251-350 bpm

73
Q

Sharp P wave, saw tooth appearance, ratio 1:4 (Q wave: P wave)

A

Atrial Flutter

74
Q

T or F: can you exercise patients with Sinus Bradycardia or Tachycardia?

A

Yes as long as pt. is asymptomatic

75
Q

Condition where in HR is 351-450 BPM

A

Atrial Fibrillation

76
Q

Caused by AV junction problem

A

Heart Block

77
Q

Negative QRS complex is called?

A

Drop Beats

78
Q

T or F: First degree heart block does not have dropped beats

A

True

79
Q

> (+) Dropped Beats
Irregular Rhythm
Caused by Acute MI
Safe for Exercise*

A

Wenckebach Heart Block (2nd Degree Heart Block)

*with close monitoring

80
Q

> Irregular Rhythm
Normal PR interval preceding dropped beats
Not safe for exercise

A

Mobitz Heart Block (2nd degree heart block)

81
Q

> mismatch of ventricular and atrial conduction
(+) Stokes-Adam syndorme*
multiple P waves
regular RR interval

A

Third Degree Heart Block

  • sudden syncope due to sudden decrease in brain blood supply
82
Q

Ventricular cell fire occasionally from 1 or more foci

A

Premature Ventricular Contractions

83
Q

> Wide and Bizarre QRS Complex
Normal HR
No P wave

A

Premature Ventricular Contractions

84
Q

Grounds for Exercise for PVC:

A
  1. < 6 PVC/min, must be unifocal (uniform appearance)
85
Q

Exercise contraindications for PVC

A
  1. Multifocal PVC
  2. > 6 PVC/min
  3. 3 consectutive PVC (ventricular tachycardia)
86
Q

> 3 or more >PVC/min
No P Wave
Greater than 100BPM
Usually Regular Rhythm

A

V Tach:

Ventricular Tachycardia

87
Q

Give the 2 types of V tach:

A
  1. Sustained VTACH - greater than 30 seconds

2. Non-sustained VTAVCH - less than 30 seconds

88
Q

> Multifocal PVC with
No regular rate or rhythm

> Needs to stopped within 1-3 min or will be fatal

> Requires CPR

A

Ventricular Fibrillation

89
Q

1 normal PQRST + 1 PVC with no P Wave

A

Bigeminy - indicated for exercise

90
Q

2 normal PQRST + 1 PVC

A

Trigeminy - indicated for exercise

91
Q

3 normal PQRST + 1 PVC

A

Quadrigeminy - indicated for exercise

92
Q

2 PVC joined together

A

Couplet - contraindicated for Exercise

SD and NSD (7 decks)

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