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Biochemistry I > SCT II - Lipid Metabolism I > Flashcards

SCT II - Lipid Metabolism I Flashcards

1
Q

Which two processes take place at the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Elongation & Desaturation

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2
Q

Which process takes place in the mitochondrial matrix?

A

Breakdown of fatty acids (β-oxidation)

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3
Q

What is TAG?

A

TAG = Lipid

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4
Q

What is Acyl?

A

Acyl = Fatty acid

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5
Q

Which vitamins are lipid soluble?

A

Vit. A
Vit. D
Vit. E
Vit. K

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6
Q

What is the simplest fatty acid?

A

Palmitate (16 C)

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7
Q

What are essential fatty acids?

A

Fatty acids with double bounds beyond the 9th carbon

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8
Q

Where are steroids made?

A

Starts in cytosol, then into ER

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9
Q

What transporter transports Citrate?

A

Tricarboxylic acid transporter

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10
Q

How is Acetyl-CoA transported outside the mitochondrial matrix?

A
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11
Q

What is the rate limiting reaction of fatty acid synthesis?

A
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12
Q

What is the effect of insulin/glucagon on Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase?

A

Insulin
Induces dephosphorylation; activating the enzyme

Glucagon
Induces phosphorylation; inhibiting the enzyme

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13
Q

Name the inhibitors of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase

A

Inhibition via Phosphorylation
1. cAMP (Activates Protein Kinase A, which phosphorylates)
2. AMP-Activated Kinases (AMP-Kinase)
3. Low ATP

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14
Q

Name the allosteric regulators of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase

A

Allosteric Activators
1. Citrate (+ve Feedback)
2. Thyroid Hormone

Allosteric Inhibitors
- C16-C18 Fatty Acids

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15
Q

What are the properties of the enzyme Fatty Acid Synthase?

A
  1. It is a dimer
  2. It has 3 domains

Each domain contains an individual enzyme

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16
Q

What does the first domain of Fatty Acid Synthase contain?

A

3 Subunit Enzymes:
1. Malonyl-CoA Transferase
2. Condensing enzyme
3. Acetyl-CoA Transferase

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17
Q

What does the second domain of Fatty Acid Synthase contain?

A

3 Subunit Enzymes
1. Ketoacyl-CoA Reductase
2. β-Hydroxyacyl-CoA
3. Enoylacyl-CoA Reductase

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18
Q

What does the third domain of Fatty Acid Synthase contain?

A

1 Subunit Enzyme: Thioesterase

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19
Q

What carrier transports the acyl group from the first domain to the second?

A

ACP = Acyl Carrier Protein

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20
Q

What is the function of Thioesterase?

A

To hydrolyze the bond between Palmitate (16C) & ACP (Acyl-Carrier-Protein) so that it’s a free fatty acid

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21
Q

Draw the reactions that take place in the first domain of the Fatty Acid Synthase enzyme!

A
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22
Q

Draw the reactions that take place in the second domain of the Fatty Acid Synthase enzyme!

A
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23
Q

Draw the reactions that take place in the third domain of the Fatty Acid Synthase enzyme!

A
24
Q

What are the three main steps of fatty acid synthesis?

A
  1. Reduction
  2. Dehydration
  3. Reduction
25
Q

What are the three main steps of fatty acid degredation?

A
  1. Oxidation
  2. Hydration
  3. Oxidation
26
Q

What is the use of NADPH in lipid metabolism?

A

NADPH serves as an electron donor in reduction (fatty acid synthesis)

27
Q

Which substances does Fatty Acid Synthase depend on?

A
  1. Pantothenate (Vit. B5)
  2. Thiol of Phosphopantotheine
  3. Cysteine residue of Condensing Enzyme
28
Q

What is another name for the Condensing Enzyme?

A

β-Ketoacyl-Synthase

29
Q

What is the main difference between the elongation in the mitochondria and the elongation in the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum
Polyunsaturated fatty acids are elongated more

Mitochondria
Saturated fatty acids are elongated more

30
Q

What is the equation of elongation in the endoplasmic reticulum?

A
31
Q

What is the equation of elongation in the mitochondria?

A
32
Q

Where does carbon desaturation take place?

A

Membrane of endoplasmic reticulum

33
Q

What is desaturation?

A

Addition of a double bond

34
Q

What carbon positions can humans desaturate?

A

4,5,6, and 9

35
Q

Name the three desaturation enzymes

A
  1. NADH-eyt b3 Reductase (Cytochrome b5 Reductase)
  2. Cytochrome b5
  3. Desaturase
36
Q

When is a compound saturated?

A

When it has no double bonds

37
Q

What is the ratio of NADH and double bonds in desaturation?

A

NADH:Double-bond (1:1)

38
Q

Draw the pathway of the desaturation of a saturated fatty acid

A
39
Q

Name the two important essential fatty acids

A

Omega-3: Linolenic Acid
Omega-6: Linoleic Acid

40
Q

Which protein surrounds a TAGs in an adipocyte?

A

Perilipin

41
Q

What is the effect of Glucagon on TAG degradation?

A
42
Q

How many fatty acids can bind to albumin?

A

3

43
Q

What is another name for free fatty acids?

A

Non-esterified fatty acids

44
Q

When is a fatty acid activated?

A

When it is bound to CoA

45
Q

What is the enzyme responsible for the activation of fatty acids?

A

Fatty Acyl-CoA Synthetase

46
Q

Is the activation of fatty acids an energetic or non-energetic process?

A

Uses ATP

47
Q

Where does fatty acid degradation (β-oxidation) take place

A

Mitochondrial matrix

48
Q

What number of carbon having fatty acid can pass by the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A

less than 12 via passive diffusion

49
Q

What does CPT stand for?

A

Carnitine-Palmitoyl-Transferase

50
Q

Which CPT is in IMM and OMM?

A

OMM = CPT I
IMM = CPT II w/ Translocase

51
Q

β-oxidation pathway

A

Fatty Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase (FAD to FADH2)

52
Q

What is the ratio of product after degradation of an even carbon fatty acid?

A

2:1 (16C:8AcetylCoA)

53
Q

What is the ratio of product after degradation of an odd carbon fatty acid?

A

2:1 (17C:8AcetylCoA + 1Propionyl-CoA)

54
Q

What is the final product of one β-oxidation cycle?

A

1 FADH2
1 NADH
1 Acetyl-CoA

55
Q
A

Biochemistry I (12 decks)

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