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Biochemistry I > SCT II - Carbohydrate Metabolism I > Flashcards

SCT II - Carbohydrate Metabolism I Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 methods of NADH production in the cytosol?

A

Enzymatic reactions:

  1. Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH)
  2. Alcohol dehydrogenase
  3. UDP-glucose dehydrogenase
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2
Q

What are the 3 types of shuttles?

A
  1. Glycerol phosphate shuttle
  2. Malate-aspartate shuttle
  3. Lactate shuttle
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3
Q

What is the pathway of the glycerol phosphate shuttle?

A

Reduction of DHAP (Cytosol)
NADH → NAD+ = DHAP → Glycerol-3-Phopshate

Oxidation of Glycerol-3-Phosphate (IMM)
FAD → FADH2 = Glycerol-3-Phopshate → DHAP (Via IMM transporter)

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4
Q

What is the pathway of the Malate-aspartate shuttle?

A

Reduction of OAA (Cytosol)
NADH → NAD+ = OAA → Malate

Oxidation of Malate (Matrix)
NAD+ → NADH = Malate → OAA

Conversion of OAA (Matrix)
OAA → Aspartate

Reconversion of Aspartate (Cytosol)
Aspartate → OAA

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5
Q

What is the name of the transporter of lactate outside of the cell?

A

MCT1

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6
Q

What is the Warburg effect?

A

Ability of tumors to inhibit the regulators of the rate of glycolytic pathways in order to abnormally increase the rate of glycolysis

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7
Q

What is the side reaction of glycolysis that takes place in red blood cells?

A

2,3-BPG Shunt
- Draw it
- Forfeits ATP production

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8
Q

What type of hemoglobin regulator is 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate?

A

A negative allosteric regulator

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9
Q

What is Cori’s cycle?

A

Lactate produced by muscles during anaerobic glycolysis is transferred to liver, where it’s converted back to glucose, then transferred back to muscles

This is done to prevent lactate acidosis during intense exercise

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10
Q

Is gluconeogenesis an energy dependent process?

A

Yes, 6 ATP is used

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11
Q

Which steps of glycolysis are irreversible?

A

First, last, and third:

  1. Hexokinase
  2. Phosphofructokinase (PFK1)
  3. Phosphokinase
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12
Q

What is different between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?

A

The three irreversible enzymes are replaced by enzymes capable of reversing the steps

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13
Q

Which enzyme replaces Hexokinase in gluconeogenesis?

A

Glucose-6-phosphatase

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14
Q

Which enzyme replaces Phosphofructokinase (PFK1)?

A

Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase

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15
Q

Which enzyme replaces Pyruvate Kinase?

A
  1. Pyruvate carboxylase
  2. Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxykinase
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16
Q

What is the pathway of converting pyruvate back to phosphoenolpyruvate?

A

Pyruvate
to | Pyruvate Carboxylase w/ ATP
Oxaloacetate
to | Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase w/ GTP
Phosphoenolpyruvate

17
Q

What cofactor is used with 99% of carboxylases?

A

Vitamin B7 AKA Biotin

18
Q

What cofactor is used with most decarboxylases?

A

Vitamin B6 AKA Pyridoxine

19
Q

Which step does of gluconeogenesis does not take place in the cytoplasm?

A

Glucose-6-Phosphate
to | Glucose-6-Phosphatase
Glucose

Takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum

20
Q

What is the allosteric activator of PFK1?

A

Fructose-2,6-Bisphoshate formed through PFK2

21
Q

What are the inhibitors and activators of Hexokinase?

A

Inhibitors
- Glucose-6-phosphate (negative allosteric)

Activators
N/A

22
Q

What are the inhibitors and activators of Phosphofructokinase (PFK1)?

A

Inhibitors
- Citrate
- High ATP
- Low pH (High [H+])

Activators
- High ADP/AMP
- Fructose-2,6-Bisphosphate (positive allosteric)

23
Q

What are the inhibitors and activators of Pyruvate kinase?

A

Inhibitors
- High ATP
- High Alanine
- Phosphorylation (Liver)

Activators
- Insulin
- Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate

24
Q

What are the inhibitors and activators of Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase?

A

Inhibitors
- High AMP/ADP
- Fructose-2,6-Bisphosphate

Activators
N/A

25
Q

What are the inhibitors and activators of Pyruvate Carboxylase?

A

Inhibitors
- N/A

Activators
- Acetyl-CoA

26
Q

What are the inhibitors and activators of Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase?

A

Inhibitors
- Insulin

Activators
- Glucagon

27
Q

What are the inhibitors and activators of Glucokinase?

A

Inhibitors
- Fructose-6-Phosphate

Activators
- Insulin
- Fructose-1-Phosphate

28
Q

What are the inhibitors and activators of PFK2?

A

Kinase part: Insulin (Dephosphorylation)
Phosphatase part: Glucagon (Phosphorylation)

29
Q

What is the role of epinephrine in the level?

A

Similar to glucagon

  1. Activates Protein Kinase A (Phosphorylation)
  2. LIVER Increase [cAMP]i, inhibiting glycolysis
  3. LIVER Stimulating gluconeogenesis for muscles
  4. MUSCLES/HEART Promotes glycolysis

Liver: promote gluconeogenesis (for muscle)
Muscle/Heart: promote glycolysis (for fight-or-flight)

30
Q

What is the catabolic and anabolic role of Glucagon?

A

Catabolic
-lysis of everything BUT…

Anabolic
-genesis of glucose (gluconeogenesis)

31
Q

What is the relationship of alcohol and gluconeogenesis?

A

Alcohol inhibits gluconeogenesis

32
Q
A

Biochemistry I (12 decks)

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