Scientific Transformation

Question 1

Johannes Muller

Answer 1

Physiology
Advocated separating anatomy and phys
Handbuch der Physiologie des Menschen
Physiology BASED ON CHEM AND PHYSICS

Question 2

Rudolf Virchow

Answer 2

Studied phys with Muller
Diseases arise as ABNORMAL CELL CHANGES
Die Cellularpathologie: ended Hippocratic idea of humoral physiology

Question 3

William Beaumont

Answer 3

Army surgeon, no academic training
Canadian trapper Alexis St Martin: treated him, used gastric fistula as window into stomach and conducted investigations into digestion
Observations on Gastric Juice and Physio of Digestion

Question 4

Wilhelm Roentgen

Answer 4

X-RAYS
First NOBEL PRIZE in physics
1ST CLINICAL XRAY IN 1896

Question 5

Ignaz Semmelweiss

Answer 5

OB in Vienna
Counseled washing hands between deliveries –> puerperal fever declined
Died of sepsis (finger nicked during autopsy)

Question 6

Louis Pasteur

Answer 6

Researcher in chem, biology, medicine, immunology
Fermentation studies
Refuted “spontaneous generation” idea
Protection of chickens from cholera and anthrax by injection of stale microbes

Question 7

Robert Koch

Answer 7

Made bacteriology a real science
“Koch’s postulates”: organism can grow in pure culture, etc.
Discovered TB bacteria and CHOLERA organism
NOBEL PRIZE in medicine, 1905

Question 8

Augustus Waller

Answer 8

FIRST ECG 1887

Question 9

Willem Einthoven

Answer 9

Further developed ECG based on Waller’s ideas

NOBEL PRIZE in medicine, 1924

Question 10

Karl Ludwig

Answer 10

Student of Muller
Lehrbuch der Physiologie des Menschen: quantitative, analytical, physiochemistry
KYMOGRAPH

Question 11

Claude Bernard

Answer 11

Animal researcher

Living things react to changes in environment to maintain constant internal environment (HOMEOSTASIS)