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History of Medicine > Ancient Western > Flashcards

Ancient Western Flashcards

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1
Q

Features of Hippocratic Medicine

A 
Stressed regimen, diet, way of life (over drugs)
Four humors (chymoi) in microcosm
Four elements/roots in macrocosm
Observation and expectative therapy
Skillful prognosis
Health is equilibrium
Patient-oriented
Disapproved of heroic interventions and risky procedures
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2
Q

Asclepius

A

“Blameless” physician in the Iliad

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3
Q

Asclepions

A

Temples of healing
Private areas for pilgrims
Walls inscribed with cases and dates of gods’ interventions
Votives left by pilgrims as testaments to healing
Examples: Cos, Epidouros
Closed by Roman imperial edict

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4
Q

Empedocles

A

Pre-socratic philosopher

Postulated all things composed of four elements or “roots”: earth, fire, water, air

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5
Q

Corpus Hippocraticum

A 
Clear foundation of Western medicine
Several authors, 60-70 essays
Origin of idea of patient-centered healing
Observation, not theory
Expectative therapy, not active intervention
Based on externals, NOT internal anatomy
Compared body to microcosm
Rejects idea that God causes disease
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6
Q

Georg Ebers papyrus

A

Ancient Egyptian text
Most important and oldest surviving medical text
Magical healing prominent

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7
Q

Diseases that Greeks knew

A 
Epilepsy
Dysentery
TB
Varicella
Diptheria
Malaria
Amenorrhea
Fevers
Eye diseases
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8
Q

Hippocrates

A

Father of medicine
Primary tenet: first, do no harm (primum non nocere)
Born into an asclepion on Cos
Corpus Hippocraticum established medicine as art, science, and profession (many contributors)
Believed in professionalism, discipline, rigorous practice, careful observation and records

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9
Q

Four humors

A

Yellow bile: summer dystentery and vomiting
Black bile: autumn and dying of nature, melancholy
Blood: associated with life, nature removes excess, possibly reason for venisection
Phlegm: winter colds and epilepsy

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10
Q

Hellenistic medicine

A

Ancient Alexandria was center of medical education and research

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11
Q

Imhotep

A

Egyptian ancestor of modern physicians
Polymath: healer, priest, astrologer, architect
Vizier (high official) to Pharaoh Djozer

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12
Q

Mycenean Era

A

Asclepius of The Iliad
Shamanic folk healers and priests common
Illness caused by anger of gods
Traded with Egypt, shared knowledge of therapies

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13
Q

Iatroi

A

Healers of Greek antiquity

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14
Q

Asclepiads

A

Claimed ancestry to Asclepius, son of Apollo, the blameless healer of the Iliad

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15
Q

Epidouros

A

Most celebrated asclepion in antiquity

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16
Q

Alexandria

A

Founded by Ptolemy
Capital of Ptolemaic Egypt and world center of education
Library and museum world centers for a millennium

17
Q

Herophilus

A

Hellenistic medicine
Greek founder of Alexandrian medical school with Erasitratus
Dissected human cadavers
Described and named internal organs
Believed nerves and brain caused body motion
Said arteries contained blood
First to study pulse systematically

18
Q

Erasistratus

A 
Hellenistic medicine
Greek, worked in Alexandria
Called the body a machine
Dissected cadavers
Described valves of heart
Sensory and motor nerves and linked to brain
Heart as a pump
Denied teleology
19
Q

Roman medicine

A 
Magical
No standards of practice
Education varied widely
Care was mostly at home
Believed better off without docs
Medicine for pay was dishonest
Public health measures
Medici = Roman doc
No hospitals
Valetudinaria = hospital precursor
Religious centers for healing (asclepions)
20
Q

Galen of Pergamum

A

Most influential of the ancients
Educated in asclepion in Pergamum
Physician to gladiators in Pergamum and Rome
Physician to several emperors (Marcus Aurelius, Commodus, Septimius)
Public anatomical dissections on animals
Huge volume of medical writings remain
Difficult, opinionated man
Based human anatomy on animals
Interested in doctor-patient relationship
Advocated instilling trust from patients by bedside manner, careful explanations, mastery of prognosis
Claimed had perfected Hippocrates
Rejected magic
Strong advocate of venisection
Mind-body link, stress syndromes

History of Medicine (12 decks)

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