Scientific Revolution And Enlightment (unit 5) Flashcards
Scientific Revolution
Funded from ideas started in the Middle Ages, observed nature and changed ideas on math/science. Replaced god-centric ideas with data based ideas. Saw math as basis of world.
Geocentric
also known as Ptolemaic theory, the idea that the earth is at center and everything moves around us in spheres. Also that it is finite with god/heaven at other end.
Heliocentric
By Copernicus, the idea that our system was centered around the sun. Giving a more simplistic view compared to Geocentric.
Hermeticism
Renaissance magic and the idea that we are divine. That we can use magic and math to take power over nature.
Empiricism
Science that was based on data and observations which lead to conceptions, then new deductions which can verify observations. It’s the combination of deductive and inductive reasoning. Answering why something is the way it is.
Rationalism
Doubt everything so use human reasoning to figure out world because it is a huge machine. Simple facts to complex ideas.
Scientific method
Suggested by Francis Bacon because he believed are foundations were wrong. Use inductive reasoning from observations and experiments to explain world, not assumptions.
Cartesian Dualism
From Descartes the idea that mind and body are separate because you can doubt the body but not the mind.
Enlightenment
Finding your own reason and intelligence not from a guiding hand. (Man’s leaving his own self caused immaturity) (Kant). Applied rational thinking from scientific Revolution to society
Skepticism
Movement during this time to question and doubt everything
Cultural Relativism
Looking at other cultures and using that POV to regard and criticize your own
Philosophes
Starting in France (that was capital) but accounting for many other people in Europe, a group of intellectuals/journalists/ reformers who wanted to change the world through reason.
Deism
Religious outlook based on newton’s ideas of a mechanical world were a mechanic (god) created everything but didn’t play an active role, everything was up to natural laws.
Laissez faire
Government should have nothing to do with economy (Hume and smith)
Social contract
By Rousseau said that society is governed by will of all, was basis for complete democracy.
Romanticism
A balance of mind and heart
Salons
In France, run by women allowing them to have an influence over things, was great minds meeting to discuss things
Neoclassicism
In France, back to simplicity of classics instead of grandeur. Emphasis on moral seriousness and honor.
Rococo
1730s in France, grace and gentil after Louis XIV died. Lots of delicate contours, love and life. Also used rounded architecture.
Artist: Antoine Walleau
Pogrom
Jewish communities looted and massacred
Ashkenazic Jews
Largest group of Jews, most despised religious group
Sephardic Jews
Another large group who moved around a lot. Went to Turkish lands and were able to get bank jobs but still separated.
Pietism
Church life is more private and small
John Wesley
Started Methodism with lots of emotion and religious experience. Appealing to lower class and separated from Anglican Church.
Count Nikolaus Von Zinzendorf
Spread pietism in German states and preached the idea and religion was all about your personal experience with god.
Enlightenment absolutism
Rulers took ideas of philosophes and natural rights into gov’t. More religious tolerance, free press and property.
Frederick II (the great)
Enlightenment absolutist in Prussia, considered most cultured king. Used military against Austria (Silesia in Austrian succession war which lead to 7 years war) and kept up serfdom. More religious tolerance
Louis XV
Really weak French king after Louis XIV and Cardinal Fleury. Influenced by ministers
Catherine the great
Enlightenment absolutist in Russia, tried to create reforms but favored nobility so much it caused peasants to revolt. Did expand into Poland and create districts
Joseph II
Enlightenment absolutist in Austria who understood king and people agreement. Tried to undo serfdom but alienated both nobles and peasants so reform was undone.
Empress Maria Theresa
Austria, didn’t do reforms made state more centralized and bureaucratic to fight against Prussia. Son is Joseph II
Balance of power
To make sure one country is not dominant over others
Reason of state
A ruler looks beyond dynastic interests to interests of state long term
Agriculture revolution
Different for all countries but included introduction of new crops, new tools and a system that used all fields at once.
Enclosure acts
England, once open farm land become closed off and owned by land aristocracy
Cottage industry
To produce cotton (in a family unit) men do the field work and women spin it
House of Commons
Lower house, land gentry that could be elected from other land aristocracy
House of Lords
Upper house that wasn’t elected, appointed for life and hereditary
Patronage
In England and one’s support for being in the House of Commons/lords
