Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment

Question 1

Ptolemaic conception of the universe

Answer 1

Earth was the center of the universe (geocentric)

Question 2

Copernicus

Answer 2

believed the sun was the center but was motionless w/ 8 spheres (Heliocentric); published his book about his ideas the year he died because he was afraid of being “damned”

Question 3

Brahe

Answer 3

Danish nobleman given a castle for precise observations and he observed the movement of the universe and collected data.

Question 4

Keppler

Answer 4

Brahe’s assistant and used his data to create 3 laws of planetary motion.
1) rejected copernicus idea by showing that the orbits of the planets around the sun arent circular, but elliptical at one focus of the ellipse
2) planet’s speed increases when its closer to the sun and vv
3)plants with larger orbits revolve ata slower average velocity than those w/ smaller orbits

Question 5

Newton

Answer 5

Law of gravity and developed calculus

Question 6

Galileo

Answer 6

math teacher and first european to make systematic observations

Question 7

Deism

Answer 7

abstract concept of god as a clockmaker; there was nothing left to do than run its course

Question 8

Pantheism

Answer 8

God is ever-present in nature; everywhere

Question 9

Voltaire

Answer 9

believer in tolerations, moral aproach, and rationality; we are all brothers and he criticized Europe’s artistocracy

Question 10

Enlightenment

Answer 10

one’s own understanding without other’s guidance

Question 11

Thomas Hobbes

Answer 11

pessimistic; believed mankind to be selfish and promoted absolute monarchy and unlimited power

Question 12

John Locke

Answer 12

optimistic; people are good and born with natural rights of life, liberty, and property.Need of a constitution/social contract

Question 13

Karl Marx

Answer 13

class conflict

Question 14

Charles darwin

Answer 14

evolution

Question 15

sigmund ford

Answer 15

id vs. superego (psychoanalysis)

Question 16

Baron de Montesquieu

Answer 16

Separation of powers; Legislative makes laws, executive enforces them, judicial interprets them.

Question 17

Baron de Montesquieu’s thoughts on dangers of combining the three branches

Answer 17

systems of oppression, racist systems

Question 18

Eurocentrism

Answer 18

the fact of seeing from the point of view of Europe/ Europeans

Question 19

Adam Smith

Answer 19

“Wealth of Nations”- self interested/ greedy sellers motivate the economy. When supply is low value goes up and when supply is too high they have to sell it for cheaper. Free markets are not controlled by the gov.

Question 20

according to John Locke, what rights do people have when the gov acts in a way to deny any of their rights or property?

Answer 20

right to rebel; start a revolution