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Human Biology > Scientific Enquiry > Flashcards

Scientific Enquiry Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Scientific Method

A
  1. Indentify problem and question to be answered
  2. Research for background information
  3. Propose hypothesis
  4. Conduct/test hypothesis
  5. Collect and display valid data
  6. Summarise the results
  7. Draw conclusions (return to start if data is not conclusive)
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2
Q

Hypothesis

A

simple statemend that describes the relationship between two variables (independent/dependent)

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3
Q

Independent Variable

A

This is the one thing you will change or compare in the experiment

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4
Q

Dependent Variable

A

This is the thing you are measuring and recording as your results

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5
Q

Conrtol Variable

A

This is the factors that you will control and keep the same in the experiment

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6
Q

Types of investigation

A 
observation
controlled experiments
survey
trial and error
case study
longititudinal study
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7
Q

Observation

A

Any investigation that involves some form of observation (seeing, hearing, touching etc)

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8
Q

Controlled Experiments

A

Tests that involve changing one variable while all the other variables stay the same

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9
Q

Survey

A
  • A process of systematically collecting, analysing and interpreting information about an aspect of study
  • Designed to collect data from large groups
  • Questionnaire/interview
  • Large amount of info allows for looking for trends
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10
Q

Trial and Error

A
  • Involves one attempt to solve a problem followed by another
  • Each trial is recorded and the results allow the investigator to gradually home in on the solution to a problem
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11
Q

Case Study

A
  • An in-dept investigation of one particular person or situation
  • Over the corse of a lifetime (usually)
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12
Q

Longitudinal Studies

A
  • Conducted over a long period of time (years or decades)

- Whole populations and more prolonged than case study

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13
Q

Literature review

A
  • helps researcher define problem
  • find out what is already known (prevents duplication)
  • assess research methods
  • allow researchers to relate their findings to what is already known
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14
Q

Safety

A
  • consider the need of safety devices (eg. fire extinguishers)
  • personal protection (eg. safety glasses)
  • assess participants (eg. allergies? MENTAL AS WELL AS PHYSICAL)
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15
Q

Ethics

A
  • Informed consent
  • Voluntary participation
  • Risk of Harm
  • Confidentiality
  • Debriefing
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16
Q

Informed consent

A
  • subjects should be full informed about the objectives of the research, the procedure, possible risks, potential benefits of research
  • CONSENT SHOULD BE GIVEN ONLY AFTER ALL INFO HAS BEEN GIVEN
17
Q

Voluntary participation

A
  • subjects should not be pressured into taking part in the investigation
18
Q

Risk of Harm

A
  • Should be no risk of physical or psychological harm than in their everyday life
19
Q

Confidentiality

A
  • participants identities will not be revealed
20
Q

Debriefing

A
  • takes place at the end of investigation
  • let participants know the results
  • if deception has occurred (eg. placebo) participants should be notified
21
Q

Uncontrolled Variable

A
  • variables that are not kept the same in control/experimental groups
  • may have been overlooked
22
Q

Repetition

A

doing the same experiment many times

23
Q

Replication

A

have a number of identical experiments running together or performing the experiment on a large number of subjects at the same time.

24
Q

Validity

A
  • testing what it is supposed to test
25
Q

Reliability

A
  • extend to which the experiment gives the same result each time it is performed
26
Q

Errors and Limitations

A
  • measurements made with any measuring instrument are approximate as there is natural variation (known as measurement error)
  • replication reduces errors but doesnt overcome error caused by limitation
  • look at data objectively to draw conclusions (DO NOT LET OUTSIDE EXPERIENCES EFFECT RESULTS)
27
Q

Secondary Data

A
  • data collected by someone other than the people who are using the data
28
Q

Average

A
  • Sum of all measurements divided by number of measurements
29
Q

Median

A
  • middle number in a set of numbers
30
Q

Range

A
  • highest and lowest measurements in a group
31
Q

Ratio

A
  • numerical statement of how one variable relates to another
32
Q

Rate

A
  • shows how long it takes to do something
33
Q

Frequency

A
  • number of times an event occurs
34
Q

Probability

A
  • chance/likelihood that a particular event will occur

Human Biology (6 decks)

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