Control And Endocrine Dysfucntions Flashcards
What causes hyperthyroidism?
Immune system abnormality; Grave’s disease
Overstimulated cells
What are some symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
Rapid heartbeat Weight loss Increased appetite Fatigue sweating Anxiety Protruding eyeballs (Graves' disease)
How is hyperthyroidism diagnosed?
Blood test
Based on physical examination
Nuclear medical scan
Presence of thyroid stimulating antibodies
What are some methods of treatment of hyperthyroidism?
Medications that block the thyroid gland’s use of iodine
Surgery to remove some or all of the gland
Treatment involving drinking radioactive iodine - radioactive iodine molecules are take up by the thyroid cells which are then killed by radioactivity - excreted in the urine
What is hypothyroidism?
Occurs when the thyroid gland produces too little hormone
What causes hypothyroidism?
Iodine deficiency disorders Hashimotos disease Treatments for hyperthyroidism Surgery Medications Pituitary dysfunction Hypothalamic dysfunction
What are some of the symptoms of hypothyroidism
Slow heart rate Unexpected weight gain Fatigue Intolerance to cold Swelling of face Depression Puffy face Goitre (enlarged thyroid gland)
How is hypothyroidism is diagnosed?
Physical examination Blood test Ultrasound Radioactive Iodine scans
How can hypothyroidism be treated?
Increasing intake of iodine through iodised salt or iodine rich foods
Thyroxine tables to focus on boosting thyroid hormone levels
What is type 1 diabetes?
The pancreas of a person with T1 diabetes doesn’t make enough insulin to keep blood glucose normal; unable to produce insulin
Form of diabetes mellitus that results from the autoimmune destruction of the insulin producing beta cells in the pancreas
What is type 2 diabetes?
Able to produce insulin but cells don’t respond to it and pancreas produces inadequate insulin for the body’s increased needs. Insulin can’t do its job, glucose channels don’t open properly, glucose builds up in blood
Long term metabolic that is characterised by high blood sugar, insulin resistance and relative lack of insulin
What is hyperthyroidism?
Occurs when thyroid gland produces too much
Enlargement of thyroid caused by immune system reaction
What causes T1 diabetes
Exact cause is unknown; believed to be environmental factor that makes immune system attack insulin-producing cells of pancreas
What are symptoms of T1 diabetes
Excessive thirst Frequent urination Weight loss Fatigue Visual disturbances Itching skin Nausea Vomiting
How is T1 diabetes diagnosed?
Blood test to measure glucose (either whilst fasting or during random times of the day)
Treatment of T1 diabetes
No cure but can be managed through
Daily insulin injections
Self monitoring blood sugar levels by testing droplets of blood in a glucose meter
Self testing of urine
Regulating diet
Increasing amount of ‘slow’ carbohydrates in the diet
Regular exercise
What causes t2 diabetes
Inherit predisposition and something in the environment triggers it
Life style factors that trigger it include
High blood pressure
Overweight
Insufficient physical activity
Poor diet
What are symptoms of t2 diabetes?
Frequent urination Fatigue Slow healing wounds Itching Blurred vision Mood swings Excessive thirst
How is t2 diabetes diagnosed?
Fasting blood glucose test
Oral glucose tolerance test
How is t2 diabetes treated?
Managed though healthy eating
Regular exercise
Diabetes medication/insulin therapy
Blood sugar monitoring
Link between hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland
- communication occurs through neurosecretory cells that span the short distance between hypothalamus and post. pit. (Through infundibulum)
- hormones produced by cells of NC are packaged in vesicles and transported through axon - stored in the axon terminals in post. pit.
- when NC are stimulated, action potential triggers release of stored hormones to a capillary network within post. pit.
- Oxytocin & antidiuretic (ADH) are produced and release in this way
Link between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland
- communication occurs through chemicals (releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones) that are produced in hypothalamus and delivered to ant. pit. through blood vessels of infundibulum
- chemicals produced by neurosecretory cells
- release in capillary network (primary plexus) and transported to secondary plexus in ant. pit.
- hormones diffuse from secondary plexus into cells of ant. pit. where they initiate the production of specific hormones
- ant. pit. Produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete their hormones
