Control And Endocrine Dysfucntions

Question 1

What causes hyperthyroidism?

Answer 1

Immune system abnormality; Grave’s disease

Overstimulated cells

Question 2

What are some symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 2

Rapid heartbeat
Weight loss
Increased appetite 
Fatigue
sweating
Anxiety
Protruding eyeballs (Graves' disease)

Question 3

How is hyperthyroidism diagnosed?

Answer 3

Blood test
Based on physical examination
Nuclear medical scan
Presence of thyroid stimulating antibodies

Question 4

What are some methods of treatment of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 4

Medications that block the thyroid gland’s use of iodine
Surgery to remove some or all of the gland
Treatment involving drinking radioactive iodine - radioactive iodine molecules are take up by the thyroid cells which are then killed by radioactivity - excreted in the urine

Question 5

What is hypothyroidism?

Answer 5

Occurs when the thyroid gland produces too little hormone

Question 6

What causes hypothyroidism?

Answer 6

Iodine deficiency disorders
Hashimotos disease
Treatments for hyperthyroidism
Surgery
Medications
Pituitary dysfunction
Hypothalamic dysfunction

Question 7

What are some of the symptoms of hypothyroidism

Answer 7

Slow heart rate
Unexpected weight gain
Fatigue 
Intolerance to cold
Swelling of face
Depression
Puffy face
Goitre (enlarged thyroid gland)

Question 8

How is hypothyroidism is diagnosed?

Answer 8

Physical examination
Blood test
Ultrasound
Radioactive
Iodine scans

Question 9

How can hypothyroidism be treated?

Answer 9

Increasing intake of iodine through iodised salt or iodine rich foods
Thyroxine tables to focus on boosting thyroid hormone levels

Question 10

What is type 1 diabetes?

Answer 10

The pancreas of a person with T1 diabetes doesn’t make enough insulin to keep blood glucose normal; unable to produce insulin

Form of diabetes mellitus that results from the autoimmune destruction of the insulin producing beta cells in the pancreas

Question 11

What is type 2 diabetes?

Answer 11

Able to produce insulin but cells don’t respond to it and pancreas produces inadequate insulin for the body’s increased needs. Insulin can’t do its job, glucose channels don’t open properly, glucose builds up in blood

Long term metabolic that is characterised by high blood sugar, insulin resistance and relative lack of insulin

Question 12

What is hyperthyroidism?

Answer 12

Occurs when thyroid gland produces too much

Enlargement of thyroid caused by immune system reaction

Question 13

What causes T1 diabetes

Answer 13

Exact cause is unknown; believed to be environmental factor that makes immune system attack insulin-producing cells of pancreas

Question 14

What are symptoms of T1 diabetes

Answer 14

Excessive thirst
Frequent urination
Weight loss
Fatigue
Visual disturbances
Itching skin
Nausea
Vomiting

Question 15

How is T1 diabetes diagnosed?

Answer 15

Blood test to measure glucose (either whilst fasting or during random times of the day)

Question 16

Treatment of T1 diabetes

Answer 16

No cure but can be managed through
Daily insulin injections
Self monitoring blood sugar levels by testing droplets of blood in a glucose meter
Self testing of urine
Regulating diet
Increasing amount of ‘slow’ carbohydrates in the diet
Regular exercise

Question 17

What causes t2 diabetes

Answer 17

Inherit predisposition and something in the environment triggers it
Life style factors that trigger it include
High blood pressure
Overweight
Insufficient physical activity
Poor diet

Question 18

What are symptoms of t2 diabetes?

Answer 18

Frequent urination
Fatigue
Slow healing wounds
Itching
Blurred vision
Mood swings
Excessive thirst

Question 19

How is t2 diabetes diagnosed?

Answer 19

Fasting blood glucose test

Oral glucose tolerance test

Question 20

How is t2 diabetes treated?

Answer 20

Managed though healthy eating
Regular exercise
Diabetes medication/insulin therapy
Blood sugar monitoring

Question 21

Link between hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland

Answer 21

• communication occurs through neurosecretory cells that span the short distance between hypothalamus and post. pit. (Through infundibulum)
• hormones produced by cells of NC are packaged in vesicles and transported through axon - stored in the axon terminals in post. pit.
• when NC are stimulated, action potential triggers release of stored hormones to a capillary network within post. pit.
• Oxytocin & antidiuretic (ADH) are produced and release in this way

Question 22

Link between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland

Answer 22

• communication occurs through chemicals (releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones) that are produced in hypothalamus and delivered to ant. pit. through blood vessels of infundibulum
• chemicals produced by neurosecretory cells
• release in capillary network (primary plexus) and transported to secondary plexus in ant. pit.
• hormones diffuse from secondary plexus into cells of ant. pit. where they initiate the production of specific hormones
• ant. pit. Produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete their hormones