Scientific Enlightenment vocab quiz

Question 1

Isaac Newton

Answer 1

proposed that law of universal gravitation regulates motions of bodies throughout the universe, could prove with math

Question 2

Johannes Kepler

Answer 2

astronomer who showed planetary orbits are elliptical, helped to end idea of Ptolemaic universe

Question 3

social contract

Answer 3

theory that people give up some of their freedoms to ruler in exchange for protection for their remaining rights

Question 4

Galileo

Answer 4

astronomer who showed heavens weren’t a perfect realm; used telescope to see mountains on moon + spots on sun, saw unknown stars; contributed to understanding of terrestrial notion (velocity of falling body depends on height it falls from); anticipated law of inertia

Question 5

The Scientific Revolution

Answer 5

a scientific revolution brought on by observation and mathematics; significance= scientists started favoring Copernican theory rather than Ptolemaic, didn’t follow MAC, relied on what they could see

Question 6

Immanuel Kant

Answer 6

German philosopher who wrote an essay about the Enlightenment in which he said people became enlightened when you left your self-caused immaturity and stopped relying on guardians (MAC, RCC, old thinkers)

Question 7

Nicolaus Copernicus

Answer 7

Polish scholar who disagreed w Ptolemy when published treatise that said earth along with other planets went around sun which made sense with observational theories

Question 8

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Answer 8

french writer who wanted to improve education by suggesting the individual should guide their own learning process

Question 9

Ptolemy

Answer 9

Greek scholar who came up with idea that earth was motionless and surrounded by 9 spheres

Question 10

heliocentric

Answer 10

theory created by Copernicus that claimed planets in universe revolved around the sun instead of earth; significance= went against Ptolemy’s idea and was more favored/believed

Question 11

salon

Answer 11

gatherings organized by socially prominent women where philosophes, scientists, and intellectuals discussed the leading ideas of the day

Question 12

philosophes

Answer 12

public intellectuals who advanced the cause of reason through novels, pamphlets, and dramas about religious/moral/political issues; were optimistic about future of world; wanted religious toleration and freedom to express views openly

Question 13

John Locke

Answer 13

English philosopher who created theory that people only get ideas through living, and knowledge only comes from experience (senses/reflection); advocated for popular sovereignty; attacked divine right theories

Question 14

The Enlightenment

Answer 14

cultural movement which weakened influence of organized religion because encouraged replacement of Christian values with reason; movement highlighted freedom, equality, secular values, reason, individuality, and natural laws

Question 15

Voltaire

Answer 15

aka François-Marie Arouet, french writer who epitomized spirit of Enlightenment; attacked institutions that supported oppressive polices eg. RCC, french monarchy

Question 16

geocentric

Answer 16

theory created by Ptolemy that claimed universe had 9 spheres surrounding a motionless earth; significance= first real theory about world/universe

Question 17

popular sovereignty

Answer 17

rule of the people, by the people, for the people

Question 18

deism

Answer 18

belief in existence of a god but denial in supernatural teachings of Christianity; significant bc philosophes/scientists now had religion with god but none of the stuff that didn’t make sense w science