Science unit test 2 Flashcards
study till u cant
1
Q
Structure:
A
A structure is anything made of parts, put together for a particular purpose
2
Q
Function:
A
task or purpose of a structure
3
Q
Form:
A
the shape and physical appearance of a structure
4
Q
Force:
A
A push or pull
5
Q
Gravity:
A
The force of attraction between all objects
6
Q
Mass:
A
Quantity of matter in an object commonly measured in kg
7
Q
Weight:
A
The force of gravity acting downward on an object commonly measured in newtons
8
Q
Load:
A
A force acting on a structure
9
Q
Dead load:
A
Dead load: type of static load caused by the force of the weight of the structure itself.
10
Q
Live load:
A
Live load: type of static load caused by the weight of what the structure supports
11
Q
Dynamic load:
A
Dynamic load: Any load caused by anything not including gravity like wind or running water
12
Q
Solid structure:
Frame structure:
Shell structure:
A
Solid structure: A structure that uses solid construction to support a load
Frame structure: A structure that uses a network of parts to support a load
Shell structure: A hallow structure that has a curved shape providing strength and ridgity
13
Q
External force:
Internal force:
A
External force: A force that acts on the outside of an object or structure.
Internal force: A force that acts between two parts of a body.
14
Q
Point of application:
Plane of application:
A
Point of application: The location of which the external force is applied or concentrated
Plane of application: An imaginary flat surface which an applied force passes through
15
Q
Tension:
Compression:
Torsion:
Shear:
A
Tension: The internal pulling of the particles of an object apart
Compression: The internal squeezing of the particles of an object
Torsion: The internal twisting of an object
Shear: Internal pushes and pulls in opposite directions leading to rips and tears
16
Q
What are the main functions of the following:
Airport, apartment, bike, and dam
A
An airport: The place for airplanes to take off and land
An apartment building: A place for people to live
A Bicycle: a way of transportation
A dam: A way to stop the flow of water
17
Q
What is the difference between function and form?
A
Function is the task or purpose of a structure, while form is the physical appearance.
18
Q
A force is defined either as a ____ or _____
A
push or pull
19
Q
Mass is the amount of _________ in an object
A
Kilograms
20
Q
_______ forces are when a force acts in-between two parts of a body
A
Internal
21
Q
Your weight is the force of _____ acting down on you
A
Your weight is the force of _____ acting down on you
Gravity
22
Q
The strength of a force refers to it’s______
A
Magnitude
23
Q
A twisting force produces______
A
Torsion
24
Q
The weight of the actual structure refers to it’s _____load
A
Dead
25
Would your mass and weight change on the moon?
Your mass would stay the same, but your weight wouldn’t because of the smaller gravitational pull.
26
What force is produced when you wring out a wet dish cloth?
Torsion
27
Differ tension and torsion:
Tension is internal pulling and torsion is internal twisting
28
You are being pushed on a swing, include plane and point of application:
Where you are being pushed is the point of application and the plane of application is the plane that includes that force.
29
Freezing rain has caused the wires to sag, is this dead load or live load?
The live load of ice
30
What can electrical companies do about the wires?
They can test the wires to see if the wires can withstand the ice
31
Stability:
The ability of a structure to remain or return stable
32
Centre of gravity:
The point around in which an object’s mass id equally balanced in all directions
33
Beam:
I-beam:
Beam: Horizontal structure designed to support a load
I-beam: A beam that i shaped in the letter I when seen from an angle
34
Corrugation:
Cantilever:
Corrugation: Multiple folds in a material that provides extra strength
Cantilever: A beam supported only on one end
35
Truss:
Arch:
Dome:
Truss: A network of beams arranged in triangles
Arch: A curved structure used to span a space while supporting a load
Dome: A shell structure that looks like a sphere split in half
36
Structural failure:
A result of a structure losing its ability to support a load.
37
Rebar:
Steel reinforced bars put into concrete to help beams with compression and tension, while strengthening concrete
38
examples of structural failure
Bad design, faulty construction, extraordinary loads, foundation failure.
39
Compression:
An internal force that presses the particles of an object together.
40
Wood Vs Steel:
Steel is stronger than wood but heavier, wood is lighter but weaker
41
What are the differences between a simple beam and a cantilever?
A beam is a flat structure supported at both ends; a cantilever is a beam that is supported at only one end. A Beam could be the upper part of a door or tabletop. A Cantilever can be a gorge or canopies.
42
Why are trusses important?
Trusses are useful because they provide strength with minimal mass. Some examples are construction cranes, hydro towers, and bridges.
43
why is regular maintenance important?
Regular maintenance for safety is important because materials used in structures may degrade over time, which reduces the ability to support loads. The structure subjected to an extraordinary load that damaged or weakened the structure. Some bridges are inspected for cracks for safety.
44
what are some examples of structural failure and could they have been prevented?
The most common failures are due to bad design, faulty construction, extraordinary loads, and foundation failure. Even failures that have not been caused directly by human actions could have been prevented if people considered extreme precautions.
45
what would happen with the centre of gravity if a student leans back on their chair
As the student leaned back in the chair, the student’s centre of gravity shifted back aswell. To have stability, the centre of gravity of an object must be over the object’s support base. In this case the base is the area between the legs of the chair. When the centre of gravity moved outside the support base, the force of gravity pulled down
46
Commons and differences of arches and domes
Arches: Used for entrance type spaces, downward force acting one plane of application
In common: Curved at the top, compression force down
Sphere: Used over wide spaces, downward force along many planes
47
can The structure’s mass, shape and form can affect the structure’s stability?
The structure’s mass, shape and form can affect the structure’s stability. A truss bridge, for example, has very high strength with minimal mass, while a cantilever provides less support with more mass. Some examples of structural failure are: noncorrugated cardboard for boxes which would cause damage. Thin beams which would be crushed under weight.
48
is corrugation a series of connected arches?
Corrugation is just a series of connected arches, is agreeable because each segment is rounded and has a downward force.
49
Is the Eiffel tower a formation of triangle, trusses, and arches?
The basic form of the Eiffel tower are triangles, different trusses, and arches.
50
why do subways have an arch shaped roof?
Subways have an arch shaped roof are because the arch supports heavy loads, and the arch provides a wide opening with compression extending outward in a downward force.
51
what is rebar's relationship with tension an compression?
Rebar is common because concrete can withstand compression but not tension and rebar helps resist tension.
52
should general building codes be the same in every country?
General building codes should be the same in each country to make it easy for electricians to travel place-to-place with the same code. But in earth-quake prone areas the code should be readjusted to that.
53
Symmetry:
Line of symmetry:
asymmetry:
Symmetry: An exact reflection on opposite sides of a line dividing an object in half.
Line of symmetry: A line that divides an object in half.
asymmetry: an inexact reflections on an opposite side of the line dividing an object in half
54
Aesthetics:
Ergonomics:
Aesthetics: The concept of how visually attractive or beautiful something is.
Ergonomics: The science of using human knowledge of human characteristics, to design structures and systems that are comfortable, safe, and efficient.
55
Repetitive strain injury:
Universal design:
Repetitive strain injury: Damage usually to the small muscles of the hands or wrists. From repeated activity over a long period of time.
Universal design: To make a structure as user-friendly as possible
56
An object is ________ if it maintains its shape and position for an extended period.
Stable
57
The horizontal balance point of an object is very close to its ____
Centre of gravity
58
A network of beams that forms triangles is a________
truss
59
The strength of a beam can be changed by changing its___________
shape
60
The shape and outer physical appearance of a structure is known as________
Form
61
Reinforcing steel rods in concrete are called______
Rebar
62
The term_______refers to the size of the force
Magnitude
63
A_________supports a load by directing a force down a curve
Arch
64
Three factors that could determine the ability of a structure to support a load
Mass
Shape
Size
65
Causes structures to fail?
Foundation failure
Bad design
Extraordinary loads
Faulty construction
66
Can beams be strengthened?
Reinforce it with different materials
Change the material
Change the form
Create folds
67
What is the main function of market research?
To find out what potential structures would want in a product
68
How does concrete react to tension and compression, and how is concrete strengthened?
Weak under tension, strong under compression
Rebar strengthens concrete
69
Why is symmetry important?
Symmetry is important because symmetrical structures are more stable and even out dead loads. Most people Favor symmetry over asymmetry.
70
Why is truss useful in big structures that are sent to space?
Truss is important because the shape is light but strong, and if a structure is sent to space it needs to be light and strong.
71
Truss examples;
Bridges
Radio tower
A crane
72
You are sitting at a desk, what are some external forces acting on it?
Gravity
73
What are some internal forces acting on a desk?
Compression in the legs because of the weight of the person. Tension in the screws which hold the top of the desk to the legs.
74
What would happen if the forces became too much acting on a desk?
The legs would buckle leading to the desk to collapse
75
Apply point of application and plane of application to these scenarios:
pushing a car in the snow
Pushing a car that is stuck in the snow
The point of application is the back of the car, and the plane of application is a plane parallel to the ground
76
Apply point of application and plane of application to these scenarios:
dragging out garbage for pick up
The point is the handle, and the plane is horizontal to your body
77
What is the relationship between a dome and arch?
A dome directs the compression forces downwards in many directions as arches only direct in one direction.
78
How do dead and live loads act on the following:
bleachers and stairs
set of stairs; the weight of the stairs and people using the stairs
Bleachers; the weight of the people sitting and the weight of the bleachers
79
What are the differences between a cantilever and a fully supported beam?
A supported beam is supported on both ends, and a cantilever with only one side.
Cantilever: Balcony and brackets of wall shelves
Fully supported: desk, and backyard deck
80
What forces act on a diver? and what type of board is it?
- gravity pulls the diver down
- the top faces tension, the bottom faces compression
-the board is a cantilever
81
same and differences with the Tacoma Bridge and Quebec Bridge failure
Quebec and Tacoma bridge failure:
Tacoma:
Dynamic load too large
Destroyed after construction
Wind caused collapse
Quebec bridge:
Dead load too large
Destroyed during construction
Excess weight caused collapse
Both:
Poorly construction
82
How could have the bridge failure be avoided
Quebec: Corrected the errors beforehand
Tacoma: Could have made wind tunnels to protect from the external force of the wind
83
Why are ergonomics important?
Ergonomics are important because customers desire a comfortable and efficient product, as well as a safe product.
84
You need to make a lamp that wont tip over easily, how?
Make a wide and heavy base
Lower the centre of gravity by making the lamp not bend so it stays
85
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