science quiz 2 Flashcards
what are igneous rocks?
molten material from mantle cools and hardens
what are sedimentary rocks?
broken down pieces of rock
what are metamorphic rocks?
sedimentary & igneous rocks undergo intense heat & pressure
types of sedimentary rocks?
sandstone, limestone,coal, granite
types of igneous rocks?
basalt, pumice, granite
types of metamorphic rocks?
slate, marble quartz
what is physical weathering?
when rocks break into smaller pieces without changing what they’re made of
what is chemical weathering?
when rocks change into something new because of chemical reactions
causes of physical weathering
temperature, wind, plants
causes of chemical weathering
water, oxygen, plants and acids
what is erosion?
when rocks are carried to different places
what is deposition?
when rocks are dropped off at different places
what is sedimentation?
when sediments settle down at bottoms of rivers, lakes or oceans.
what is weathering?
when rocks are gradually broken down into different pieces (sediments)
what are fossils?
the preserved remains of ancient living things
what is the process of fossils turning into fossils? (fossilisation)
animal dies –> gets buried–> sediment builds up–> soft parts decay, hard parts turn into fossil’s
what are the 5 types of fossils?
- trace fossils
- body fossils
- mold fossils
- cast fossils
- permineralized fossils
what is a mineral?
a mineral is a naturally occurring pure substance found in the earths crusts.
what is the formation of minerals
minerals crystallise from liquids such as magma & hot water
what are the properties of minerals
- colour
- streak
- lustre
- hardness
- cleavage & fracture
- density
what is the colour in a mineral?
The color of the mineral, but it’s not always reliable.
what is the streak in a mineral?
The colour of the mineral’s powder when rubbed on a tile.
what is the lustre in a mineral?
How shiny or dull the mineral is (metallic, glassy, or dull).
what is the hardness in a mineral?
How easily it can be scratched (measured by Mohs scale).
what is the cleavage & fracture in a mineral?
How it breaks (smooth, flat pieces or rough, jagged edges).
what is the density in a mineral?
how heavy it feels compared to its size
what are some examples of minerals?
quartz, calcite, diamond, corundom
what is a trace fossil?
evidence of the activities of ancient animals/plants
e.g like footprints, burrows,
what is a body fossil?
the actual remains of the organism
e.g teeth, bones, or hair
what is a mould fossil?
form when an organism decays and leaves an impression in the rock. It’s like a mould of the organism’s shape.
e.g a footprint left in mud that hardens into rock
what is a cast fossil?
happens when a mould is filled with minerals or other material, creating a solid copy of the original organism.
e.g A mould of a shell filled with minerals that becomes a rock copy of the shell.
what is a permineralized fossil?
These are fossils where the original organic material is slowly replaced by minerals, turning it into stone.
e.g petrified wood, where wood turns to stone over time.
what are renewable resources
- These are resources that can be replaced naturally or used again.
- They don’t run out as long as we take care of them.
what are examples of renewable resources?
Sunlight (we always get more every day)
Wind (It keeps blowing)
Water (As long as we don’t waste it too much, it keeps flowing)
Trees (we can plant more to replace them)
what are non-renewable resources?
- resources that can’t be replaced quickly or will run out after a while.
-takes millions of years to form, so once they’re gone, they’re gone.
what are examples of non-renewable resources?
Coal (Used for energy, but it takes a very long time to form)
Oil (We use it for fuel, but it won’t come back anytime soon)
Natural gas (Used for heating and cooking, but it’s limited)
what is the independent variable
the variable which is changing
what is the dependant variable
the variable which is measured
