Science of Psychology / Major Perspectives Flashcards
What is social psychology?
The scientific study of how people think about, influence and relate to one another.
What is the definition of psychology?
The scientific study of behaviour and the mind.
What is the ‘fundamental problem’ of psychology?
Making valid and reliable inferences about internal states and processes we cannot directly observe.
Which word refers to “prefer the simpler of two competing hypotheses”
Parsimony.
Imagine this - a year ago you had a meal of sausages after which you became violently ill (nothing to do with the delicious sausages, you just had a ‘stomach bug’) and to this day the smell of cooking sausages makes you feel nauseous. In this example, what is the conditioned response?
The feeling of nausea at the smell of cooking sausages.
In the context of understanding phobias from psychoanalytic and behavioural perspectives, by teaching ‘Little Albert’ to fear a white laboratory rat, John Watson demonstrated that:
Phobias can be learned through simple classical conditioning principles.
John Watson ‘taught’ Little Albert to fear a white rat. After conditioning (learning), the white rat became…
A conditioned stimulus.
Behaviour is influenced by its consequences - behaviour that is reinforced is likely to be repeated; behaviour that is punished is not likely to be repeated is known as what type of conditioning?
operant conditioning
After a child misbehaved, his parents stopped him from watching TV for one week is what type of punishment.
Negative punishment
What level in the ‘levels of analysis’ is time management skills in relation to learning and studying
psychological level
What are the three levels in ‘the levels of analysis’?
Biological, psychological, environmental
Giving a treat to a toddler when he/she is throwing a tantrum in Colesworth to make the toddler be quiet is what type type of consequence?
negative reinforcement
Models who are …………. for behaving in a particular way are more likely to be imitated than those who are not.
reinforced
Which psychological perspective has a positive, philosophical view of human nature?
Humanistic
When talking about memory, the lecturer said that if you could sit the exam in the place where you took (listened to or watched) the lecture, especially if you took the lecture in the same place each week, you would remember more about the lecture content in that place than anywhere else. This is an example of …
episodic memory
How would a cognitive psychologist who is interested in memory most likely explain the flood of childhood memories a person experiences on the psychoanalysts couch?
triggered by memory retrieval cues.
Jean Piaget, the famous Swiss developmental psychologist, told a story of how, when he was a toddler, he was nearly kidnapped. His nanny was the heroine and rescued little Jean. Even though Piaget had a clear memory of this event it turned out that it didn’t happen. Many years later, his nanny, on her deathbed, confessed that she had made it up. What sort of memory did Jean Piaget have about this event?
Pseudo-memory.
Phineas Gage, HM and aphasias to illustrates what type of relationship
Specialisation of brain-behaviour relationships.
What effect does damage to Broca’s area of the frontal lobe have on behaviour?
The person will have expressive aphasia.
Which part of the brain was damaged so that HM could not remember anything new?
Hippocampus.
“enduring values, beliefs, behaviours and traditions shared by a group of people and passed on to the next generation”. is the definition of…
culture
Sigmund Freud made his subject to keep taking until their deepest parts came out.
What school of thought was is this and what was this technique called?
Psychodynamic or Psychoanalytic
‘The talking cure’
According to Sigmund Freud, what were the three part of personality?
Id, Ego, Superego
What is the Id, Ego and Superego?
- Id – the toddler, wants what it wants, wants it now
- Ego – The self, the notion self-development
- Superego – The conscious, the rules we learn from culture and society.
