Science of Psychology / Major Perspectives

Question 1

What is social psychology?

Answer 1

The scientific study of how people think about, influence and relate to one another.

Question 2

What is the definition of psychology?

Answer 2

The scientific study of behaviour and the mind.

Question 3

What is the ‘fundamental problem’ of psychology?

Answer 3

Making valid and reliable inferences about internal states and processes we cannot directly observe.

Question 4

Which word refers to “prefer the simpler of two competing hypotheses”

Answer 4

Parsimony.

Question 5

Imagine this - a year ago you had a meal of sausages after which you became violently ill (nothing to do with the delicious sausages, you just had a ‘stomach bug’) and to this day the smell of cooking sausages makes you feel nauseous. In this example, what is the conditioned response?

Answer 5

The feeling of nausea at the smell of cooking sausages.

Question 6

In the context of understanding phobias from psychoanalytic and behavioural perspectives, by teaching ‘Little Albert’ to fear a white laboratory rat, John Watson demonstrated that:

Answer 6

Phobias can be learned through simple classical conditioning principles.

Question 7

John Watson ‘taught’ Little Albert to fear a white rat. After conditioning (learning), the white rat became…

Answer 7

A conditioned stimulus.

Question 8

Behaviour is influenced by its consequences - behaviour that is reinforced is likely to be repeated; behaviour that is punished is not likely to be repeated is known as what type of conditioning?

Answer 8

operant conditioning

Question 9

After a child misbehaved, his parents stopped him from watching TV for one week is what type of punishment.

Answer 9

Negative punishment

Question 10

What level in the ‘levels of analysis’ is time management skills in relation to learning and studying

Answer 10

psychological level

Question 11

What are the three levels in ‘the levels of analysis’?

Answer 11

Biological, psychological, environmental

Question 12

Giving a treat to a toddler when he/she is throwing a tantrum in Colesworth to make the toddler be quiet is what type type of consequence?

Answer 12

negative reinforcement

Question 13

Models who are …………. for behaving in a particular way are more likely to be imitated than those who are not.

Answer 13

reinforced

Question 14

Which psychological perspective has a positive, philosophical view of human nature?

Answer 14

Humanistic

Question 15

When talking about memory, the lecturer said that if you could sit the exam in the place where you took (listened to or watched) the lecture, especially if you took the lecture in the same place each week, you would remember more about the lecture content in that place than anywhere else. This is an example of …

Answer 15

episodic memory

Question 16

How would a cognitive psychologist who is interested in memory most likely explain the flood of childhood memories a person experiences on the psychoanalysts couch?

Answer 16

triggered by memory retrieval cues.

Question 17

Jean Piaget, the famous Swiss developmental psychologist, told a story of how, when he was a toddler, he was nearly kidnapped. His nanny was the heroine and rescued little Jean. Even though Piaget had a clear memory of this event it turned out that it didn’t happen. Many years later, his nanny, on her deathbed, confessed that she had made it up. What sort of memory did Jean Piaget have about this event?

Answer 17

Pseudo-memory.

Question 18

Phineas Gage, HM and aphasias to illustrates what type of relationship

Answer 18

Specialisation of brain-behaviour relationships.

Question 19

What effect does damage to Broca’s area of the frontal lobe have on behaviour?

Answer 19

The person will have expressive aphasia.

Question 20

Which part of the brain was damaged so that HM could not remember anything new?

Answer 20

Hippocampus.

Question 21

“enduring values, beliefs, behaviours and traditions shared by a group of people and passed on to the next generation”. is the definition of…

Answer 21

culture

Question 22

Sigmund Freud made his subject to keep taking until their deepest parts came out.

What school of thought was is this and what was this technique called?

Answer 22

Psychodynamic or Psychoanalytic

‘The talking cure’

Question 23

According to Sigmund Freud, what were the three part of personality?

Answer 23

Id, Ego, Superego

Question 24

What is the Id, Ego and Superego?

Answer 24

• Id – the toddler, wants what it wants, wants it now
• Ego – The self, the notion self-development
• Superego – The conscious, the rules we learn from culture and society.

Question 25

What strategy is used to reduce anxiety by concealing the source from themselves and others?

Answer 25

Defence Mechanism

Question 26

Defence Mechanism

Which strategy is

1. “I dont have a problem”?
2. Channeling emotional energy elsewhere
3. when an individual’s personality reverts to an earlier stage of development

Answer 26

1. Denial
2. Sublimation
3. Regression

Question 27

Defence Mechanism

Which strategy is..

1. Saving us from seeing outselves by projecting what we feel or believe into others.
2. Deflecting our emotions onto something else, and not being able to target your frustration .
3. Keeping our emotion down and hidden

Answer 27

1. Projection
2. Displacement
3. Repression

Question 28

What ideology deals with the ‘reducing’ of complex phenomena down to simpler explanation?

Answer 28

Reductionism

Question 29

According to Philip Zimbardo, we often err in focusing exclusively on the inner detriments of genes, personality, character, we tend to ignore what?

Answer 29

the critical catalyst for behaviour change in external situations or in the systems that creates and maintains such situations.