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Science Of Hearing Flashcards

1
Q

OtoAcoustic Emissions

A
  1. Spontaneous
  2. Evoked
    Loud Speaker into EAC, goes to TM, play sound and measure sound comes back.
    Tells OHC active/ healthy
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2
Q

The 3 types of OAE

A
  1. DPOAE- Distortion Product
  2. TEOAE- Transient (clicks)
  3. SFOAE- Stimulus Frequency
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3
Q

Noise Floor

A

Level electrical noise stimulated when no OAE present. OAE needs to be higher than this level.

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4
Q

Auditory Nerve Fibers %s

A

90-95%=IHC 27K

5-10%=OHC 3K

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5
Q

Prestin

A

Contractile protein, makes cells longer & shorter along cells

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6
Q

4 proteins of OHCs’ membranes

A
  1. Actin
  2. Prestin
  3. Myosin
  4. Tubulin
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7
Q

EAC amps sound in what Hz range?

A

2,000 Hz sounds within this range will get amped.

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8
Q

Parts of the Outer Ear

A
  1. ) Pinna

2. ) EAC (External Auditory Canal)

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9
Q

Goal of the Outer Ear

A

Get sound to tympanic membrane (Middle Ear)

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10
Q

What are the 5 parts to serve amp’ and filter sound before reaching the ME?

A
  1. ) Head
  2. ) Neck
  3. ) Torso
  4. ) Pinna
  5. ) EAC
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11
Q

What is the ME’s ‘Chain Reaction’ ?

A

Tympanic membrane to the Malleus to the Incus to the Stapes. The Stapes’s footplate touches the Oval Window (a membrane into the IE) and hits it…sets into motion

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12
Q

Parts of the ME

A
  1. ) Tympanic Membrane
  2. ) Malleus
  3. ) Incus
  4. ) Stapes
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13
Q

What makes up the Ossicular Chain?

A
  1. ) Malleus
  2. ) Incus
  3. ) Stapes
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14
Q

How does the manubrium connect to the Tympanic Membrane (ear-drum)?

A

The Umbo–point of the maximum con cavity connects to the manubrium of the malleus

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15
Q

Two parts of the Tympanic Membrane

A
  1. ) Pars Tensa=network of fibers-radial and circular, the circular connects the radial fibers. STIFF
  2. ) Pars Faliccida FLOPPY
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16
Q

What is the size of the Tympanic Membrane?

A

90 mm sq

55 mm sq-Pars Tensa. The part for he “business” for the tympanic membrane

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17
Q

What is Otitis Media?

A

ear infection of the middle ear

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18
Q

The #1 job for the IE/OE?

A

To make sure sound is amp’d enough by the time it reaches the Oval Window (IE) to overcome impedance
Helps sounds switch from air- to - fluid.

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19
Q

What is HRTF?

A

Head Related Transfer Function

 1. ) Head=4-5 Hz
 2. ) Torso= 1-2 Hz
 3. ) Concha= 5kHz
 4. ) Pinna= very little boost
 5. ).EAC= 2kHz
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20
Q

What are the 3 ways to get source of sound to the IE?

A
  1. ) Air Transmission=(OE to ME to IE)
  2. ) Bone Conduction @ the temporal lobe
  3. ) Mechanical Transduction= what happens in human hearing, gives a higher % of amplification–is the MOST efficient way.
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21
Q

What is the 1st of the 3 ways the ME overcomes impedance mismatch?

A

1st- p=F/A. 90 mm sq to 55 mm sq to 3.2 mm sq. If spread out force, less amount of pressure due to a larger area.
“The High Heel Effect”. Adds 25dB amplification.

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22
Q

What is the 2nd of the 3 ways the ME overcomes impedance mismatch?

A

2nd- The ossicles lever system. The longer the lever= the easier the manubrium of the malleus to move. A mechanical advantage. Adds 2-3dB

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23
Q

What is the 3rd of the 3 ways the ME overcomes impedance mismatch?

A

3rd- Buckling Actions of the tympanic membrane. The TM pushes on the Umbo. Adds 6dB

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24
Q

What is Acoustic Reflex?

A

NOT good for rapid on set. Short noise (I.e. Gun shots). This is good for slow,long-on-set sounds.
@140-150dB (jet engines) the Ossicular chain disarticulates (pulls apart) b/c vibrating too much. The footplate acts different, not push on the Oval window. It rocks against the Oval Window and the fluid current is less intense, thus not an effective transmission.

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25
Q

The Pinna amps what Hz range?

A

@ 5,000 Hz, as pushes on EAC

Defines the concha’s shape.

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26
Q

What are the 2 muscles of the ME that does the secondary job of protection?

A
  1. ) Tensor tympani
  2. ) Stapedius-main contributor…The stapedius contracts the muscle, a reflex, impedes ossicles to limited movement; to limit sound
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27
Q

What are the 3 channels of the Cochlea?

A
  1. ) Scala Vestibuli
  2. ) Scala Media
  3. ) Scala Tympani
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28
Q

What is the length of the cochlea?

A

35 mm long= average. One of the hoarders honey structures in the body

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29
Q

Membrane separates the Scala Vestibuli from the Scala Media?

A

Reissner’s Membrane

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30
Q

Membrane that separates the Scala Media from the Scala Tympani?

A

Basilar Membrane

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31
Q

The place where the Scala Vestibuli and Scala Tympani meet? AND
The place where the Reissner’s Membrane and the Basilar Membrane meet?

A

Helicotrema

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32
Q

What is the Habenula Perforata?

A

The tiny opening where the auditory nerve fibers leave the cochlea through this hole.

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33
Q

What is the Stria Vascularis?

A

Energy supply comes from here at the spiral ligament

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34
Q

What is Mr. Fechner’s “Method of Constant Stimuli”?

A

Pick range of the stimuli values, set levels, person says what un/heard. Play @ different frequencies, multiple times at random. Record/plot when say “yes, heard the sound”. Calculate to ID person says “yes” to ID 50% of the time—leads to threshold.

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35
Q

What are 2 errors under Method of Limits?

A
  1. ) Errors of Habituation-person bored so repeat/have tendency to say 1 answer when should say another and may not be paying attention.
  2. ) Opposite of Error of Habituation–Should I have said NO? Did I miss it? On no…so switch response before should.
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36
Q

What is Mr. Fechner’s “Method of Limitations”?

A

Levels ascend/descend Decrease sounds until say “no” & record. Increase sound until hear & record and repeat this.
Record all stopping points to get the average.
This average is the threshold.

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37
Q

2 type of Hair cells?

A
  1. ) Outer= 3 rows (travel base to apex)

2. ) Inner= 1 row

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38
Q

The 2 structures that support the OHCs?

A
  1. ) Deiter’s Cells=Support underneath for the OHCs

2. ) Hensen’s Cells=Support OHCs on the side

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39
Q

Mr. Fechner’s 3 classical psychophysical methods

A
  1. ) Method of Constant Stimuli
  2. ) Method of Limits
  3. ) Method of Adjustment
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40
Q

What are the 5 tasks?

A
  1. ) Detection
  2. ) Localization
  3. ) Discrimination
  4. ) Identification
  5. ) Comprehension
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41
Q

Discrimination-the 1st of the 5 tasks

A

Decide if there is a sounds or not, in the first place.

Simplest level of processing.

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42
Q

Localization-the 2nd of the 5 tasks

A

Where did the sounds come from?

The source?

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43
Q

Discrimination-the 3rd of the 5 tasks

A

Is this could different from the others?

Less complex than the 1st step, Identification

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44
Q

Identification-the 4th of the 5 tasks

A

More processing–what EXACTLY the sound is

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45
Q

Comprehension-the 5th of the 5 tasks

A

Some understanding of the sounds meaning…the phonemes put together.

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46
Q

Psychophysics

A

Behavior measurements; field to link as pets of physical stimulus to a psychological perceptive.

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47
Q

Tone-to-Tone Masking

A

Start with simple noise, WHITE noise, narrow tone gets easier to identify b/c less energy in the masker.

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48
Q

Critical Band Theory

A

Narrow band of frequency-more energy in masker, leads to more effective masker will be outside this area.

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49
Q

2 types of Temporal Masking

A
  1. ) Forward Masking- impacts NOT happen yet, masker happens THEN target happens. Goes back to the future “Forward in time”
  2. ) Target 1st THEN, 2nd comes the masker. Still interferes w/processing of the target.
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50
Q

Wegal & Lane

A

Fixed masker and then varied the Target tone frequency.

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51
Q

Beats

A

Difference of 2 frequencies, pulses, turns on & off

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52
Q

Weber’s Law

A

Continuous unit change by a % of Intensity NOT an Absolute Value.
Change 2nd stimulus by the k% in order to detect a difference between the 2 stimuli

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53
Q

Intensity (I) * Time (t)= Constant (k)

A

Higher level=shorter time (like a running a sprint)

Lower level= higher longer time (like running a 5K)

B/c auditory system is an energy detector.

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54
Q

Temporal Summation

A

Higher I. = Lower t=k
Lower I. = higher t=k
Concept means=adding time leads to total energy in a signal

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55
Q

ANSI

A

American National Standard Institution. These stds. Programmed to audiometer.

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56
Q

ISO

A

International Std. Organization

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57
Q

MAP-Minimum Audible Pressure

A 
More modern way. 
We're headphones.  Divided into 3 types: 
     1.) Senheiser
     2.) TDH=average in clinics
     3.) Inserts
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58
Q

MAF-Minimum Audible Field

A

A chair is 6’ from LS, play sounds from LS, in silent room and open field, so no bounce back.

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59
Q

Clinical Decision Theory

A

New test of want to do to tell correctly when impaired.
High Hit –Sensitivity –test for this
Low FA –Specificity

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60
Q

Criterion

A

Works by….an observer at any given trial, there’s an underlining sensitivity to signal and not to signal. Observer/listener says yes/no based on this.

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61
Q

Perilymph vs endolymph

A

Perilymph=0 mV in the Scala Vestibuli and Scala Tympani

Endolymph= +80 mV in the Scala Media. Sealed off from the Perilymph. K+ rich. Fills almost all vestibular structures.

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62
Q

The Mechanical factors of the Basilar Membrane and how influence sound?

A

High frequency leads to lower frequency the entire length of the membrane, so reach apex and middle….favor middle range frequency

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63
Q

What is stereocilia and what is it made of?

A

Hair like structures on top; made of the protein, actin

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64
Q

What are Border Cells?

A

On the inside to Support IHC in place.

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65
Q

The 2 links that connect the OHC-OHC & IHC-IHC

A

Tip-Link=shorter tip connected to taller row

Cross-Link=not at tips

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66
Q

The 2 types of auditory fibers and their functions.

A
  1. ) Afferent=carry info. AWAY from the cochlea to the brain.
  2. ) Efferent=ENTER commands from brain into the cochlea.
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67
Q

What is “shearing force”?

A

The tallest row of OHC -the stereocilia touches tectorial membrane when BM moves different from tectorial membrane. This leads to the stereocilia getting bent and from this comes out of cycle bending/motion.

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68
Q

What happens to the channels as a result of shearing force?

A

Ion channels ope up and then close.

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69
Q

What are the 2 problems with Von Bekesy’s experiment?

A
  1. ) 90 dB LEAST intense (softest sound) he could use w/ the silver particles.
  2. ) Using cadavers-sounds processing is different b/c once an organism dies in class, they do NOT fire anymore(no motility)
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70
Q

What is the Tuning Curve?

A

Looks at particular location and shows how much energy it takes to get that location to react/resonate.

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71
Q

IHC primary responsibility?

A

To send info a/b sounds to the brain.

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72
Q

Tracking Method OR Von Bekesy’s Tracking

A

Go up and down with levels. Measure the reversal points then take the average. Basis for TODAY’S audiometry !

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73
Q

What is threshold?

A

of softest sound a person can hear. Can’t hear above or below this level…it is fixed.

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74
Q

What are the “catch trials”?

A

Trick the subjects to see if doing response bias. Au.D. Presents no sounds so if patient respond then response bias is present.

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75
Q

What 2 factors does Signal Detection Theory divide?

A
  1. ) Fundamental Sensitivity

2. ) Response Bias

76
Q

What happens when sound gets louder to “bell curves”?

A

1.) softer sound-curves closer together and LESS sensitivity
Louder sound=curves go farther apart=increase sensitivity
Distance between distribution represents observer’s sensitivity to sound.

77
Q

Miss

A

Say no to when sound is added

This is wrong.

78
Q

CR-Correct Rejection

A

No sound added and said no

Correct

79
Q

Hit

A

Yes to sound added AND sound was added

Correct

80
Q

FA-False Alarm

A

No signal added, but said “yes”

Wrong

81
Q

What is Mr. Fechner’s “Method of Adjustment”?

A

A dial w/ no #s. The Au.D. turns the dial (back & forth) between loud and soft and records the findings to get the average. This average is the threshold

82
Q

Spectral Profile

A

Sounds fit same profile and are perceived as belonging together. More spectral separated, the easier to ID. If spread far, then hard to ID. BUT if too many, also hard to pick out.

83
Q

Harmonic its/Temporal Regularity

A

Sounds with shared harmonics are heaped as belonging together. E.g. 200 (f0), 330 (f0), 400, 660, 600, 900, # sounds sources hear=2, even though there are 6 sounds b/c they are grouped iaw their harmonics.

84
Q

Spectral Separation

A

Able to ID 2 sounds are different w/ different frequencies.
Ex. More than 1 man talking w/ 1 woman talking=the woman’s voice stands out. All men’s voices blend together, so hard to separate between each man, their voices are not very different.

85
Q

Temporal Separation

A

2 sounds heard @ same perceived time are heard as same sound. Occurs at a single synapse and active repeatedly. 1 sound w/in a critical period

 * frequency=500 mmsec.
 * frequency=250 mmsec.          Outside these windows, it becomes hard to separate sound sources.
86
Q

Temporal on set and offsets

A

Onset has stronger cue > offset

Ex. Bomb explosion b/c go on @ same time-perceived as same event. Begin tog. And end tog.

87
Q

Spatial Separation

A

2 sounds perceived as coming from the same location and are hard as same sound and suppress sounds coming from other locations/directions. (E.g. The “Cocktail Effect”)
Binaural signatures.

88
Q

McGurk Effect

A

An illusion–what we see > hear.

Need to close our eyes to hear what is truly being said.

89
Q

Mr. Ira Hirsh

A

Stumbled on the MLD, Maksing Level Difference” in 1948.

90
Q

Temporal Modulation

A

2 sounds that change in same way are heard as belonging together. Ventriloquist Effect- movie theater- coming from the screen is what sounds/ looks like and not the LS, b/c we are localizing voice cues w/ the hearing cues form the visual cues.

91
Q

Distance Prime=d’

A

Noise average=signal noise average- index of sensitivity; d’ small, if soft sound; close and d’ large, if loud sound, farther

92
Q

The 3 physical parts of an auditory stimulus

A
  1. ) frequency
  2. ) amplitude
  3. ) phase
93
Q

Thresholds best @ which frequencies?

A

1,000Hz to 3,000Hz, in the middle range frequencies.

94
Q

Ipsilaterl vs. Contralateral

A

SAME side vs. Different sides

95
Q

Structural vs. Functional

A

Wire diagram, cells vs. behavior, how to these cells behav, what do they do that’s different from PANS.

96
Q

Cochlear Nucleus (CN)

A

Projects form the cochlea and ends here.

97
Q

Superior Olivary Complex (SOC)

A

Leaves the cochlear nucleus and goes here. Can go either ipsilateral or Contralateral.

98
Q

Stages from the cochlea to the brain.

A

Cochlea to Cochlear Nucleus (CN) to Superior Olivary Complex (SOC)to the Inferior Colliculus (IC) to the Media Geniculate Body (MGB) to the Auditory Cortex

99
Q

Auditory Cortex

A

No cross over at this stage. So projections from previous stage, MGB are 100% Ipsilateral to this end stage.

100
Q

What 2 purposes does cerumen (ear wax) serve?

A
  1. ) provide lubrication for canal

2. ) protests tympanic membrane; catches objects NOT so not damage the ear drum.

101
Q

What is glutamate?

A

Afferents get excited when turn on via the excitatory neurotransmitter.

102
Q

3 types of OAE (OtoAcoustic Emissions)–OHCs reflect tone back.

A
  1. ) Transient
  2. ) Puretone
  3. ) Stimulus
103
Q
  1. ) Summation Tones

2. ) Difference Tones

A
  1. ) Addition of 2 frequencies…addition of harmonics.

2. ) difference in tones, only place BM gives enough response can actually measure to 2f1-f2

104
Q

What is Cochlear Microphonic?

A

OHC activity-electric potential can measure w/an electrode in the round window in response to a sound. Does go away w/ Kanamyosin, ototoxity.

105
Q

Summating Potential

A

Reflects dc changes in cochlea, turn sound on and leave on . Some of ALL electrical activity and will show dc shift in BM.
Measures BM shift.

106
Q

3 fundamental components of information about sound

A
  1. Frequency
  2. Intensity
  3. Phase
107
Q

CF, Characteristic Frequency

A

Ideal frequency elicit response from a neuron and requires lowest stimulus level to elicit response. Neurons will respond to stimuli other then the Characteristic Frequency (CF), but stimulus must be at a higher level.

108
Q

Kanamycin and effects on OHC

A

An antibiotic that is an ototxicity, which leads to HL and increases thresholds. A less sharp broad tuning curve is created, so unable to divide frequencies/discrimination.

109
Q

Tonotopic

A

Freq-to-place mapping similar frequencies create resonance in same location

110
Q

Helmholtz Place Theory

A

The location of activity on the cochlea determines our frequency perception

111
Q

Explain the Basilar Membrane

A

Base (high freq.) to apex (low freq.)

Most detected where incoming sound=resonance of the membrane.

112
Q

Crossed Olivio-Cochlear bundle

A

Opposite sides-Contralateral

113
Q

Uncrossed Olivio-Cochlear bundle

A

Same side-Ipsilateral

114
Q

2 gross cochlear potentials

A

Cochlear microphonic summating potential

Different ways to get measured activity in the cochlea and reflect different points of the cochlea

115
Q

Where does efferent auditory nerve fibers come from?

A

S.O.C. (Superior Olivary Complex) send fiber info. Into cochlea

116
Q

What does the tuning curve identify?

A

I’d our freq. discrimination ability

117
Q

2 ways codes against loudness/intensities

A

Spontaneous firing rate mechanism

physiological recruitment

118
Q

2 Afferent types

A

Type I=Radial-fast and myelinated

Type II=Outer Spiral Fibers-slow and non-myelinated

119
Q

OHC & IHC primary jobs

A

OHC=add energy to traveling wave

IHC=send info. To brain

120
Q

Evoked Potentials

A

Put electrodes on outside of head strategically placed. Series of electrodes on scalp. They record levels of activity on auditory system.
Electrical wastes travel to auditory cortex on right position and different sounds presented.

121
Q

What to look for w/ electrical waves

A
  1. ) Peak of activity= + or -, did it happen?

2. ) Latency of peaks= how long take for peak to happen and/vs the expected time

122
Q

4 different evokes.

A
  1. ) Electorcochleogram (ECochG)
  2. ) Auditory Brain Response (ABR)
  3. ) Middle Latency Response (MLR)
  4. ) Long Latency Response (LLR)
123
Q

Electrocochleogram (ECochG)

A

Measure cochlear response. Sounds is through cochlea in

124
Q

Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR)

A

0-10 msecs. The ECochG is included in this.

One of the 4 different Evokes.

125
Q

Middle Latency Response (MLR)

A

10-50 msecs. IC + thalamus & Primary Auditory Cortex

One of the 4 different Evokes

126
Q

Long Latency Response (LLR)

A

100-500 msecs. ALL cortical (no category between 50-100 msecs.)
One of the 4 different Evokes.

127
Q

The 6 categories of Hearing Loss.

A
  1. ) Noise-prolong exposure to loud noise
  2. ) Ageing-Presbycusis
  3. ) Trauma/Accidents (e.g. Blow to head)
  4. ) Ototoxic Drugs
  5. ) Disease/ Infections
  6. ) Genetics
128
Q

Tonotopic Organization

A

Frequencies close to each other.

Frequency-to-place mapping

129
Q

Three type of Cranial Nerves

A
  1. ) AVCN-Anteroventral
  2. ) PVCN-Posteroventral
  3. ) DCN-Dorsal
130
Q

2 excitatory transmitters

A
  1. ) Glutamate

2. ) Acetylcholine (Ach)

131
Q

2 inhibitory transmitters

A
  1. ) GABA

2. ) Glycine

132
Q

Inferior Colliculus (IC)

A

After SOC-Superior Olivary Complex-some fibers go here

Respects the Chain of Command

133
Q

Media Geniculate Body (MGB)

A

After IC, Ipsilateral OR Contralateral

134
Q

Structural differences of CANS to PANS

A
  1. ) Ipsilateral or/& Contralateral

2. ) Cell Morphoglogy-shape of cells named way cell looks like (e.g. Stellate is Star-shaped

135
Q

What does PSTH stand for?

A

Post Stimulus Time Histogram

136
Q

Masking Level Difference (MLD)

A

1948, Mr. Hirsh work on Critical Band Theory. discovered phase shifter 180 degrees > other ear for the tone @ 15dB=easier to ID the masker stayed the same with Intensity & phase.

137
Q

“Cocktail Party Effect”

A

How able to pay attention to 1 individual with Omni-directional distractions relies on us creating Binaural Signature

138
Q

Binaural Signature

A

Every object has one unique of these=a set of information=an unique cue.

139
Q

Lateralization

A

Poor man’s way for localization under headphones, so alternate Omni-directional noises are gone. Localized to 1 sound or the other.

140
Q

Externalization of Sound

A

HRTF cues to this, helps us I’d sounds are “over there” or “there” Great for the KEMAR “virtual world” experiment(s)

141
Q

Primary cue for the localization in elevation?

A

HRTF= Head Related Transfer Function

142
Q

Front-Back Reversals

A

Errors in identifying if sound is in front or behind us (HRTF does aide, azimuth does not aide) if we have good pinnas for sounds, localization then decrease % of this.

143
Q

Discrimination

A

Smallest different in location of sound sources a person can hear.

144
Q

Best degree of phase to detect = what?

A

180 degrees for low frequency NOT high frequency

145
Q

What is fundamental frequency?

A

Largest amount of energy sound of an object.

146
Q

What is Timbre?

A

The “je ne sais pas quoi” of sound. Know when you hear it (I.e an instrument..flute vs violin). The quality of sound, you cannot describe, but know when it is present.
Our ability to separate a sound different from other frequencies.

147
Q

Phon

A

perceived loudness of phon, all have ONLY Intensity level. Unit of loudness is level in dBSPL of an =ly loud @ 1K Hz tone.

148
Q

Minimum Audible Angle (MAA)

A

2 sources @ 180 degrees tell MAA very small differences,as small as 2 degrees. Regardless of frequency of sound. Better when sounds off from front of us > sides.

149
Q

Uncomfortable Loudness Level

A

Loudest sound can hear is called this….120 dB SPL

150
Q

What is the level of Hz always used to compare?

A

1000 Hz

151
Q

Equal Loudness Contour

A

Sounds that fall on this curve are ALL matched on 1000 Hz sound.

152
Q

Auditory Adaptation

A

When something loud but not seem as loud overtime w/ constant exposure b/c “worn out” our auditory system.

153
Q

DBA. A=weighted dB scale

A

To allow us to measure sounds as would be perceived by an ear.

154
Q

Von Bekesy Pitch Time Limits

A

1, 000 Hz at 10 mmsecs.

155
Q

Refractory Period of Auditory Nerve Fibers

A

Total time 1 mmsecs. Just can’t get that fiber to fire again.

156
Q

“Volley Theory”

A

States: firing takes turns

157
Q

Case of Missing Fundamental

A.K.A. Periodicity Pitch

A

When hear pitch NOT associated at any of the Hz present
HCD-Highest Common Denominator - of the frequencies of sounds pitch we hear. Goes in evenly to the sounds that are present.

158
Q

“Place Theory”

A

Helmholtz’s hear a pitch associated with Hz present location putting energy on BM.

159
Q

“Pitch Shift of the Residue”

A.K.A Residue Pitch

A

HCD is NOT the pitch you hear when hear it.
An unsolved mystery=a piece of evident that Place & Periodicity theories can’t explain everything that happens in pitch perception for any harmonic series.

160
Q

Localization

A

Find source of the sound.

161
Q

Horizontal Plane

A

Left. Right. Sides/Back/Front

AZIMUTH

162
Q

Vertical Plane

A

Above/Below/Front/Back

ELEVATION

163
Q

3 pieces of info. To ID localization of sound

A

AZIMUTH
ELEVATION
DISTANCE

164
Q

Degrees relative to center of head

A 
0 degrees=directly in front
\+90 degrees=above me
180 degrees=behind me
270/-90 degrees=directly below me
        Average size of a human head=8"
165
Q

Echo Suppression

A.K.A. Precedence Effect

A

Auditory system suppresses later arriving echoes ( or separate wavelengths) pays attention to 1st piece of info. (1st wave front) coming in, then suppresses remains of the signal is called this.

166
Q

Elevation

A

Vertical Plane

167
Q

2 types of time/phase cues

A
  1. ) Time of Arrival-go to 1 ear then the other. NOT good b/c over pretty quickly post arrival have sound in BOTH areas & only have 1 chance to “grab it”
  2. ) On-Going Phase Difference-1st ear @ 0 degrees phase, 2nd ear arrival @ another phase COMPARISON of phases of Right ear @ phase of Left ear.
168
Q

Cues for high-freq. sound

A
  1. ) Inverse-Square Law=less I. As travels so 2nd ear. 8” not long distance , so this cue NOT very good.
  2. ) Head-Shadow=the 2nd ear receives sound b/c bends around head & not much energy lost but still lost.
169
Q

Echo Suppression

A.K.A. “Precedence Effect”

A

As suppress later arriving echoes, pays attention to 1st piece of information (1st wavelength front) coming in, then suppress remixing of the signal is called this….
(E.g. Clapping or gun shots)

170
Q

Head Shadow

A

Big I. Level, gets partially absorbed by head to less I. By 2nd ear

171
Q

How long take for a sound hit 1 ear to the other?

A

Average= 1 mmsec.

172
Q

Inverse Square Law

A

Less Intense as reaches 2nd ear-losses Intensity if far away from you as travels, the Intensity decreases

173
Q

@ what Hz is there no Head Shadow?

A
174
Q

Angular Acceleration

A

Spin around curve. 3 axis. “X” , “Y”, “Z”

175
Q

Proprioception

A

How you a re moving in space; limb movement, all about movement in space

176
Q

Ampulla

A

Bulge @ 1 end of each canal. Important structures are held in their bulge.

177
Q

3 demons ions of angular acceleration

A
  1. ) Pitch=nose dip (somersaults)
  2. )Yaw= flips on belly
  3. ) Roll= tilt left or right turns
178
Q

Linear acceleration

A

X & Y Axis….with a 360 degree

179
Q

The 3 canals

A
  1. ) Horizontal
  2. ) Anterior (front) or Superior
  3. ) Posterior (back)
180
Q

7 cues to be used in sound determination

A
  1. ) Spectral Separation. 2.) Spectral Profile
  2. ) Hamonicity/Temporal Regularity
  3. ) Spatial Separation. 5.) Temporal Separation
  4. ) Temporal onset/offset
  5. ) Temporal Modulation
181
Q

Otoconia

A

Rocks/crystals that lead to Ca+ Carbonate

182
Q

2 systems respond to linear acceleration

A

Utricle- horizontal
Saccule- vertical
90 degree of each other

183
Q

Physical Stimulus ——– Psychological Perception

A
  1. ) Frequency ——– Pitch
  2. ) Amplitude ——– Loudness
  3. ) Harmonics ——– Timbre
184
Q

Volley Theory

A

The more fire together = more encoding = better pitch perception

185
Q

Cone of Confusion

A

@ mid-Sagittal plane, localization at front-back, vertical planes

186
Q

Rate vs Place

A 
Rate = dominates LF Perception
Place = dominates HF Perception
187
Q

Quantization

A

Break down of continued signal into amplitude units (voltage steps).

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