Science Of Hearing Flashcards
1
Q
OtoAcoustic Emissions
A
- Spontaneous
- Evoked
Loud Speaker into EAC, goes to TM, play sound and measure sound comes back.
Tells OHC active/ healthy
2
Q
The 3 types of OAE
A
- DPOAE- Distortion Product
- TEOAE- Transient (clicks)
- SFOAE- Stimulus Frequency
3
Q
Noise Floor
A
Level electrical noise stimulated when no OAE present. OAE needs to be higher than this level.
4
Q
Auditory Nerve Fibers %s
A
90-95%=IHC 27K
5-10%=OHC 3K
5
Q
Prestin
A
Contractile protein, makes cells longer & shorter along cells
6
Q
4 proteins of OHCs’ membranes
A
- Actin
- Prestin
- Myosin
- Tubulin
7
Q
EAC amps sound in what Hz range?
A
2,000 Hz sounds within this range will get amped.
8
Q
Parts of the Outer Ear
A
- ) Pinna
2. ) EAC (External Auditory Canal)
9
Q
Goal of the Outer Ear
A
Get sound to tympanic membrane (Middle Ear)
10
Q
What are the 5 parts to serve amp’ and filter sound before reaching the ME?
A
- ) Head
- ) Neck
- ) Torso
- ) Pinna
- ) EAC
11
Q
What is the ME’s ‘Chain Reaction’ ?
A
Tympanic membrane to the Malleus to the Incus to the Stapes. The Stapes’s footplate touches the Oval Window (a membrane into the IE) and hits it…sets into motion
12
Q
Parts of the ME
A
- ) Tympanic Membrane
- ) Malleus
- ) Incus
- ) Stapes
13
Q
What makes up the Ossicular Chain?
A
- ) Malleus
- ) Incus
- ) Stapes
14
Q
How does the manubrium connect to the Tympanic Membrane (ear-drum)?
A
The Umbo–point of the maximum con cavity connects to the manubrium of the malleus
15
Q
Two parts of the Tympanic Membrane
A
- ) Pars Tensa=network of fibers-radial and circular, the circular connects the radial fibers. STIFF
- ) Pars Faliccida FLOPPY
16
Q
What is the size of the Tympanic Membrane?
A
90 mm sq
55 mm sq-Pars Tensa. The part for he “business” for the tympanic membrane
17
Q
What is Otitis Media?
A
ear infection of the middle ear
18
Q
The #1 job for the IE/OE?
A
To make sure sound is amp’d enough by the time it reaches the Oval Window (IE) to overcome impedance
Helps sounds switch from air- to - fluid.
19
Q
What is HRTF?
A
Head Related Transfer Function
1. ) Head=4-5 Hz 2. ) Torso= 1-2 Hz 3. ) Concha= 5kHz 4. ) Pinna= very little boost 5. ).EAC= 2kHz
20
Q
What are the 3 ways to get source of sound to the IE?
A
- ) Air Transmission=(OE to ME to IE)
- ) Bone Conduction @ the temporal lobe
- ) Mechanical Transduction= what happens in human hearing, gives a higher % of amplification–is the MOST efficient way.
21
Q
What is the 1st of the 3 ways the ME overcomes impedance mismatch?
A
1st- p=F/A. 90 mm sq to 55 mm sq to 3.2 mm sq. If spread out force, less amount of pressure due to a larger area.
“The High Heel Effect”. Adds 25dB amplification.
22
Q
What is the 2nd of the 3 ways the ME overcomes impedance mismatch?
A
2nd- The ossicles lever system. The longer the lever= the easier the manubrium of the malleus to move. A mechanical advantage. Adds 2-3dB
23
Q
What is the 3rd of the 3 ways the ME overcomes impedance mismatch?
A
3rd- Buckling Actions of the tympanic membrane. The TM pushes on the Umbo. Adds 6dB
24
Q
What is Acoustic Reflex?
A
NOT good for rapid on set. Short noise (I.e. Gun shots). This is good for slow,long-on-set sounds.
@140-150dB (jet engines) the Ossicular chain disarticulates (pulls apart) b/c vibrating too much. The footplate acts different, not push on the Oval window. It rocks against the Oval Window and the fluid current is less intense, thus not an effective transmission.
25
The Pinna amps what Hz range?
@ 5,000 Hz, as pushes on EAC
| Defines the concha's shape.
26
What are the 2 muscles of the ME that does the secondary job of protection?
1. ) Tensor tympani
2. ) Stapedius-main contributor...The stapedius contracts the muscle, a reflex, impedes ossicles to limited movement; to limit sound
27
What are the 3 channels of the Cochlea?
1. ) Scala Vestibuli
2. ) Scala Media
3. ) Scala Tympani
28
What is the length of the cochlea?
35 mm long= average. One of the hoarders honey structures in the body
29
Membrane separates the Scala Vestibuli from the Scala Media?
Reissner's Membrane
30
Membrane that separates the Scala Media from the Scala Tympani?
Basilar Membrane
31
The place where the Scala Vestibuli and Scala Tympani meet? AND
The place where the Reissner's Membrane and the Basilar Membrane meet?
Helicotrema
32
What is the Habenula Perforata?
The tiny opening where the auditory nerve fibers leave the cochlea through this hole.
33
What is the Stria Vascularis?
Energy supply comes from here at the spiral ligament
34
What is Mr. Fechner's "Method of Constant Stimuli"?
Pick range of the stimuli values, set levels, person says what un/heard. Play @ different frequencies, multiple times at random. Record/plot when say "yes, heard the sound". Calculate to ID person says "yes" to ID 50% of the time---leads to threshold.
35
What are 2 errors under Method of Limits?
1. ) Errors of Habituation-person bored so repeat/have tendency to say 1 answer when should say another and may not be paying attention.
2. ) Opposite of Error of Habituation--Should I have said NO? Did I miss it? On no...so switch response before should.
36
What is Mr. Fechner's "Method of Limitations"?
Levels ascend/descend Decrease sounds until say "no" & record. Increase sound until hear & record and repeat this.
Record all stopping points to get the average.
This average is the threshold.
37
2 type of Hair cells?
1. ) Outer= 3 rows (travel base to apex)
| 2. ) Inner= 1 row
38
The 2 structures that support the OHCs?
1. ) Deiter's Cells=Support underneath for the OHCs
| 2. ) Hensen's Cells=Support OHCs on the side
39
Mr. Fechner's 3 classical psychophysical methods
1. ) Method of Constant Stimuli
2. ) Method of Limits
3. ) Method of Adjustment
40
What are the 5 tasks?
1. ) Detection
2. ) Localization
3. ) Discrimination
4. ) Identification
5. ) Comprehension
41
Discrimination-the 1st of the 5 tasks
Decide if there is a sounds or not, in the first place.
| Simplest level of processing.
42
Localization-the 2nd of the 5 tasks
Where did the sounds come from?
| The source?
43
Discrimination-the 3rd of the 5 tasks
Is this could different from the others?
| Less complex than the 1st step, Identification
44
Identification-the 4th of the 5 tasks
More processing--what EXACTLY the sound is
45
Comprehension-the 5th of the 5 tasks
Some understanding of the sounds meaning...the phonemes put together.
46
Psychophysics
Behavior measurements; field to link as pets of physical stimulus to a psychological perceptive.
47
Tone-to-Tone Masking
Start with simple noise, WHITE noise, narrow tone gets easier to identify b/c less energy in the masker.
48
Critical Band Theory
Narrow band of frequency-more energy in masker, leads to more effective masker will be outside this area.
49
2 types of Temporal Masking
1. ) Forward Masking- impacts NOT happen yet, masker happens THEN target happens. Goes back to the future "Forward in time"
2. ) Target 1st THEN, 2nd comes the masker. Still interferes w/processing of the target.
50
Wegal & Lane
Fixed masker and then varied the Target tone frequency.
51
Beats
Difference of 2 frequencies, pulses, turns on & off
52
Weber's Law
Continuous unit change by a % of Intensity NOT an Absolute Value.
Change 2nd stimulus by the k% in order to detect a difference between the 2 stimuli
53
Intensity (I) * Time (t)= Constant (k)
Higher level=shorter time (like a running a sprint)
Lower level= higher longer time (like running a 5K)
B/c auditory system is an energy detector.
54
Temporal Summation
Higher I. = Lower t=k
Lower I. = higher t=k
Concept means=adding time leads to total energy in a signal
55
ANSI
American National Standard Institution. These stds. Programmed to audiometer.
56
ISO
International Std. Organization
57
MAP-Minimum Audible Pressure
```
More modern way.
We're headphones. Divided into 3 types:
1.) Senheiser
2.) TDH=average in clinics
3.) Inserts
```
58
MAF-Minimum Audible Field
A chair is 6' from LS, play sounds from LS, in silent room and open field, so no bounce back.
59
Clinical Decision Theory
New test of want to do to tell correctly when impaired.
High Hit --Sensitivity --test for this
Low FA --Specificity
60
Criterion
Works by....an observer at any given trial, there's an underlining sensitivity to signal and not to signal. Observer/listener says yes/no based on this.
61
Perilymph vs endolymph
Perilymph=0 mV in the Scala Vestibuli and Scala Tympani
| Endolymph= +80 mV in the Scala Media. Sealed off from the Perilymph. K+ rich. Fills almost all vestibular structures.
62
The Mechanical factors of the Basilar Membrane and how influence sound?
High frequency leads to lower frequency the entire length of the membrane, so reach apex and middle....favor middle range frequency
63
What is stereocilia and what is it made of?
Hair like structures on top; made of the protein, actin
64
What are Border Cells?
On the inside to Support IHC in place.
65
The 2 links that connect the OHC-OHC & IHC-IHC
Tip-Link=shorter tip connected to taller row
| Cross-Link=not at tips
66
The 2 types of auditory fibers and their functions.
1. ) Afferent=carry info. AWAY from the cochlea to the brain.
2. ) Efferent=ENTER commands from brain into the cochlea.
67
What is "shearing force"?
The tallest row of OHC -the stereocilia touches tectorial membrane when BM moves different from tectorial membrane. This leads to the stereocilia getting bent and from this comes out of cycle bending/motion.
68
What happens to the channels as a result of shearing force?
Ion channels ope up and then close.
69
What are the 2 problems with Von Bekesy's experiment?
1. ) 90 dB LEAST intense (softest sound) he could use w/ the silver particles.
2. ) Using cadavers-sounds processing is different b/c once an organism dies in class, they do NOT fire anymore(no motility)
70
What is the Tuning Curve?
Looks at particular location and shows how much energy it takes to get that location to react/resonate.
71
IHC primary responsibility?
To send info a/b sounds to the brain.
72
Tracking Method OR Von Bekesy's Tracking
Go up and down with levels. Measure the reversal points then take the average. Basis for TODAY'S audiometry !
73
What is threshold?
of softest sound a person can hear. Can't hear above or below this level...it is fixed.
74
What are the "catch trials"?
Trick the subjects to see if doing response bias. Au.D. Presents no sounds so if patient respond then response bias is present.
75
What 2 factors does Signal Detection Theory divide?
1. ) Fundamental Sensitivity
| 2. ) Response Bias
76
What happens when sound gets louder to "bell curves"?
1.) softer sound-curves closer together and LESS sensitivity
Louder sound=curves go farther apart=increase sensitivity
Distance between distribution represents observer's sensitivity to sound.
77
Miss
Say no to when sound is added
| This is wrong.
78
CR-Correct Rejection
No sound added and said no
| Correct
79
Hit
Yes to sound added AND sound was added
| Correct
80
FA-False Alarm
No signal added, but said "yes"
| Wrong
81
What is Mr. Fechner's "Method of Adjustment"?
A dial w/ no #s. The Au.D. turns the dial (back & forth) between loud and soft and records the findings to get the average. This average is the threshold
82
Spectral Profile
Sounds fit same profile and are perceived as belonging together. More spectral separated, the easier to ID. If spread far, then hard to ID. BUT if too many, also hard to pick out.
83
Harmonic its/Temporal Regularity
Sounds with shared harmonics are heaped as belonging together. E.g. 200 (f0), 330 (f0), 400, 660, 600, 900, # sounds sources hear=2, even though there are 6 sounds b/c they are grouped iaw their harmonics.
84
Spectral Separation
Able to ID 2 sounds are different w/ different frequencies.
Ex. More than 1 man talking w/ 1 woman talking=the woman's voice stands out. All men's voices blend together, so hard to separate between each man, their voices are not very different.
85
Temporal Separation
2 sounds heard @ same perceived time are heard as same sound. Occurs at a single synapse and active repeatedly. 1 sound w/in a critical period
* frequency=500 mmsec.
* frequency=250 mmsec. Outside these windows, it becomes hard to separate sound sources.
86
Temporal on set and offsets
Onset has stronger cue > offset
| Ex. Bomb explosion b/c go on @ same time-perceived as same event. Begin tog. And end tog.
87
Spatial Separation
2 sounds perceived as coming from the same location and are hard as same sound and suppress sounds coming from other locations/directions. (E.g. The "Cocktail Effect")
Binaural signatures.
88
McGurk Effect
An illusion--what we see > hear.
| Need to close our eyes to hear what is truly being said.
89
Mr. Ira Hirsh
Stumbled on the MLD, Maksing Level Difference" in 1948.
90
Temporal Modulation
2 sounds that change in same way are heard as belonging together. Ventriloquist Effect- movie theater- coming from the screen is what sounds/ looks like and not the LS, b/c we are localizing voice cues w/ the hearing cues form the visual cues.
91
Distance Prime=d'
Noise average=signal noise average- index of sensitivity; d' small, if soft sound; close and d' large, if loud sound, farther
92
The 3 physical parts of an auditory stimulus
1. ) frequency
2. ) amplitude
3. ) phase
93
Thresholds best @ which frequencies?
1,000Hz to 3,000Hz, in the middle range frequencies.
94
Ipsilaterl vs. Contralateral
SAME side vs. Different sides
95
Structural vs. Functional
Wire diagram, cells vs. behavior, how to these cells behav, what do they do that's different from PANS.
96
Cochlear Nucleus (CN)
Projects form the cochlea and ends here.
97
Superior Olivary Complex (SOC)
Leaves the cochlear nucleus and goes here. Can go either ipsilateral or Contralateral.
98
Stages from the cochlea to the brain.
Cochlea to Cochlear Nucleus (CN) to Superior Olivary Complex (SOC)to the Inferior Colliculus (IC) to the Media Geniculate Body (MGB) to the Auditory Cortex
99
Auditory Cortex
No cross over at this stage. So projections from previous stage, MGB are 100% Ipsilateral to this end stage.
100
What 2 purposes does cerumen (ear wax) serve?
1. ) provide lubrication for canal
| 2. ) protests tympanic membrane; catches objects NOT so not damage the ear drum.
101
What is glutamate?
Afferents get excited when turn on via the excitatory neurotransmitter.
102
3 types of OAE (OtoAcoustic Emissions)--OHCs reflect tone back.
1. ) Transient
2. ) Puretone
3. ) Stimulus
103
1. ) Summation Tones
| 2. ) Difference Tones
1. ) Addition of 2 frequencies...addition of harmonics.
| 2. ) difference in tones, only place BM gives enough response can actually measure to 2f1-f2
104
What is Cochlear Microphonic?
OHC activity-electric potential can measure w/an electrode in the round window in response to a sound. Does go away w/ Kanamyosin, ototoxity.
105
Summating Potential
Reflects dc changes in cochlea, turn sound on and leave on . Some of ALL electrical activity and will show dc shift in BM.
Measures BM shift.
106
3 fundamental components of information about sound
1. Frequency
2. Intensity
3. Phase
107
CF, Characteristic Frequency
Ideal frequency elicit response from a neuron and requires lowest stimulus level to elicit response. Neurons will respond to stimuli other then the Characteristic Frequency (CF), but stimulus must be at a higher level.
108
Kanamycin and effects on OHC
An antibiotic that is an ototxicity, which leads to HL and increases thresholds. A less sharp broad tuning curve is created, so unable to divide frequencies/discrimination.
109
Tonotopic
Freq-to-place mapping similar frequencies create resonance in same location
110
Helmholtz Place Theory
The location of activity on the cochlea determines our frequency perception
111
Explain the Basilar Membrane
Base (high freq.) to apex (low freq.)
| Most detected where incoming sound=resonance of the membrane.
112
Crossed Olivio-Cochlear bundle
Opposite sides-Contralateral
113
Uncrossed Olivio-Cochlear bundle
Same side-Ipsilateral
114
2 gross cochlear potentials
Cochlear microphonic summating potential
| Different ways to get measured activity in the cochlea and reflect different points of the cochlea
115
Where does efferent auditory nerve fibers come from?
S.O.C. (Superior Olivary Complex) send fiber info. Into cochlea
116
What does the tuning curve identify?
I'd our freq. discrimination ability
117
2 ways codes against loudness/intensities
Spontaneous firing rate mechanism
| physiological recruitment
118
2 Afferent types
Type I=Radial-fast and myelinated
| Type II=Outer Spiral Fibers-slow and non-myelinated
119
OHC & IHC primary jobs
OHC=add energy to traveling wave
| IHC=send info. To brain
120
Evoked Potentials
Put electrodes on outside of head strategically placed. Series of electrodes on scalp. They record levels of activity on auditory system.
Electrical wastes travel to auditory cortex on right position and different sounds presented.
121
What to look for w/ electrical waves
1. ) Peak of activity= + or -, did it happen?
| 2. ) Latency of peaks= how long take for peak to happen and/vs the expected time
122
4 different evokes.
1. ) Electorcochleogram (ECochG)
2. ) Auditory Brain Response (ABR)
3. ) Middle Latency Response (MLR)
4. ) Long Latency Response (LLR)
123
Electrocochleogram (ECochG)
Measure cochlear response. Sounds is through cochlea in
124
Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR)
0-10 msecs. The ECochG is included in this.
| One of the 4 different Evokes.
125
Middle Latency Response (MLR)
10-50 msecs. IC + thalamus & Primary Auditory Cortex
| One of the 4 different Evokes
126
Long Latency Response (LLR)
100-500 msecs. ALL cortical (no category between 50-100 msecs.)
One of the 4 different Evokes.
127
The 6 categories of Hearing Loss.
1. ) Noise-prolong exposure to loud noise
2. ) Ageing-Presbycusis
3. ) Trauma/Accidents (e.g. Blow to head)
4. ) Ototoxic Drugs
5. ) Disease/ Infections
6. ) Genetics
128
Tonotopic Organization
Frequencies close to each other.
| Frequency-to-place mapping
129
Three type of Cranial Nerves
1. ) AVCN-Anteroventral
2. ) PVCN-Posteroventral
3. ) DCN-Dorsal
130
2 excitatory transmitters
1. ) Glutamate
| 2. ) Acetylcholine (Ach)
131
2 inhibitory transmitters
1. ) GABA
| 2. ) Glycine
132
Inferior Colliculus (IC)
After SOC-Superior Olivary Complex-some fibers go here
| Respects the Chain of Command
133
Media Geniculate Body (MGB)
After IC, Ipsilateral OR Contralateral
134
Structural differences of CANS to PANS
1. ) Ipsilateral or/& Contralateral
| 2. ) Cell Morphoglogy-shape of cells named way cell looks like (e.g. Stellate is Star-shaped
135
What does PSTH stand for?
Post Stimulus Time Histogram
136
Masking Level Difference (MLD)
1948, Mr. Hirsh work on Critical Band Theory. discovered phase shifter 180 degrees > other ear for the tone @ 15dB=easier to ID the masker stayed the same with Intensity & phase.
137
"Cocktail Party Effect"
How able to pay attention to 1 individual with Omni-directional distractions relies on us creating Binaural Signature
138
Binaural Signature
Every object has one unique of these=a set of information=an unique cue.
139
Lateralization
Poor man's way for localization under headphones, so alternate Omni-directional noises are gone. Localized to 1 sound or the other.
140
Externalization of Sound
HRTF cues to this, helps us I'd sounds are "over there" or "there" Great for the KEMAR "virtual world" experiment(s)
141
Primary cue for the localization in elevation?
HRTF= Head Related Transfer Function
142
Front-Back Reversals
Errors in identifying if sound is in front or behind us (HRTF does aide, azimuth does not aide) if we have good pinnas for sounds, localization then decrease % of this.
143
Discrimination
Smallest different in location of sound sources a person can hear.
144
Best degree of phase to detect = what?
180 degrees for low frequency NOT high frequency
145
What is fundamental frequency?
Largest amount of energy sound of an object.
146
What is Timbre?
The "je ne sais pas quoi" of sound. Know when you hear it (I.e an instrument..flute vs violin). The quality of sound, you cannot describe, but know when it is present.
Our ability to separate a sound different from other frequencies.
147
Phon
perceived loudness of phon, all have ONLY Intensity level. Unit of loudness is level in dBSPL of an =ly loud @ 1K Hz tone.
148
Minimum Audible Angle (MAA)
2 sources @ 180 degrees tell MAA very small differences,as small as 2 degrees. Regardless of frequency of sound. Better when sounds off from front of us > sides.
149
Uncomfortable Loudness Level
Loudest sound can hear is called this....120 dB SPL
150
What is the level of Hz always used to compare?
1000 Hz
151
Equal Loudness Contour
Sounds that fall on this curve are ALL matched on 1000 Hz sound.
152
Auditory Adaptation
When something loud but not seem as loud overtime w/ constant exposure b/c "worn out" our auditory system.
153
DBA. A=weighted dB scale
To allow us to measure sounds as would be perceived by an ear.
154
Von Bekesy Pitch Time Limits
1, 000 Hz at 10 mmsecs.
155
Refractory Period of Auditory Nerve Fibers
Total time 1 mmsecs. Just can't get that fiber to fire again.
156
"Volley Theory"
States: firing takes turns
157
Case of Missing Fundamental
| A.K.A. Periodicity Pitch
When hear pitch NOT associated at any of the Hz present
HCD-Highest Common Denominator - of the frequencies of sounds pitch we hear. Goes in evenly to the sounds that are present.
158
"Place Theory"
Helmholtz's hear a pitch associated with Hz present location putting energy on BM.
159
"Pitch Shift of the Residue"
| A.K.A Residue Pitch
HCD is NOT the pitch you hear when hear it.
An unsolved mystery=a piece of evident that Place & Periodicity theories can't explain everything that happens in pitch perception for any harmonic series.
160
Localization
Find source of the sound.
161
Horizontal Plane
Left. Right. Sides/Back/Front
| AZIMUTH
162
Vertical Plane
Above/Below/Front/Back
| ELEVATION
163
3 pieces of info. To ID localization of sound
AZIMUTH
ELEVATION
DISTANCE
164
Degrees relative to center of head
```
0 degrees=directly in front
+90 degrees=above me
180 degrees=behind me
270/-90 degrees=directly below me
Average size of a human head=8"
```
165
Echo Suppression
| A.K.A. Precedence Effect
Auditory system suppresses later arriving echoes ( or separate wavelengths) pays attention to 1st piece of info. (1st wave front) coming in, then suppresses remains of the signal is called this.
166
Elevation
Vertical Plane
167
2 types of time/phase cues
1. ) Time of Arrival-go to 1 ear then the other. NOT good b/c over pretty quickly post arrival have sound in BOTH areas & only have 1 chance to "grab it"
2. ) On-Going Phase Difference-1st ear @ 0 degrees phase, 2nd ear arrival @ another phase COMPARISON of phases of Right ear @ phase of Left ear.
168
Cues for high-freq. sound
1. ) Inverse-Square Law=less I. As travels so 2nd ear. 8" not long distance , so this cue NOT very good.
2. ) Head-Shadow=the 2nd ear receives sound b/c bends around head & not much energy lost but still lost.
169
Echo Suppression
| A.K.A. "Precedence Effect"
As suppress later arriving echoes, pays attention to 1st piece of information (1st wavelength front) coming in, then suppress remixing of the signal is called this....
(E.g. Clapping or gun shots)
170
Head Shadow
Big I. Level, gets partially absorbed by head to less I. By 2nd ear
171
How long take for a sound hit 1 ear to the other?
Average= 1 mmsec.
172
Inverse Square Law
Less Intense as reaches 2nd ear-losses Intensity if far away from you as travels, the Intensity decreases
173
@ what Hz is there no Head Shadow?
174
Angular Acceleration
Spin around curve. 3 axis. "X" , "Y", "Z"
175
Proprioception
How you a re moving in space; limb movement, all about movement in space
176
Ampulla
Bulge @ 1 end of each canal. Important structures are held in their bulge.
177
3 demons ions of angular acceleration
1. ) Pitch=nose dip (somersaults)
2. )Yaw= flips on belly
3. ) Roll= tilt left or right turns
178
Linear acceleration
X & Y Axis....with a 360 degree
179
The 3 canals
1. ) Horizontal
2. ) Anterior (front) or Superior
3. ) Posterior (back)
180
7 cues to be used in sound determination
1. ) Spectral Separation. 2.) Spectral Profile
3. ) Hamonicity/Temporal Regularity
4. ) Spatial Separation. 5.) Temporal Separation
6. ) Temporal onset/offset
7. ) Temporal Modulation
181
Otoconia
Rocks/crystals that lead to Ca+ Carbonate
182
2 systems respond to linear acceleration
Utricle- horizontal
Saccule- vertical
90 degree of each other
183
Physical Stimulus -------- Psychological Perception
1. ) Frequency -------- Pitch
2. ) Amplitude -------- Loudness
3. ) Harmonics -------- Timbre
184
Volley Theory
The more fire together = more encoding = better pitch perception
185
Cone of Confusion
@ mid-Sagittal plane, localization at front-back, vertical planes
186
Rate vs Place
```
Rate = dominates LF Perception
Place = dominates HF Perception
```
187
Quantization
Break down of continued signal into amplitude units (voltage steps).
