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Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

Internal Auditory Meatus (IAM)

A

Hole through the petrous temporal bone.

Contains the 7th and 8th cranial nerves.

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2
Q

CPS-Cerebello-Pontine-Angel

A

Location between the IAM and the Cochlear Nucleus.

Contains the 7th & 8th cranial nerves

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3
Q

Bi-polar disorder
Type I- Manic
Type II-Hypomania

A

Type I= w/ or w/out depression episodes
Type II=episodes of milder mania ALWAYS associated w/ depression bouts NOT long enough in duration to be major depression–not 2 weeks.

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4
Q

Sternocleidomastoid Muscle

A

Medial 3rd of clavicle, the origin=manubrium of sternum
Sweeps up and inserts into the mastoid process
Function=flexes the neck

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5
Q

Anatomy vs. Phsiology

A

Study of structures of organisms and relations to their parts
Vs
Science dealing w/ functions of living organisms or their parts, way which bodily part functions.

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6
Q

Dysphagia

A

Difficulty swallowing

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7
Q

The first 2 stages, of 4, for “normal” swallowing.
1st-Oral Preparatory Phase
2nd=Oral Transport Phase

A

1st-labial seal. Tongue to Velum contact. Bolus is formed
2nd-posterior tongue depression; bold X squeezes against the palate, the arytenoid cartilages rock forward and respiration stops

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8
Q

The last 2 stages (of the 4) for “normal” swallowing.
3rd-Pharyngeal Phase
4th-Esophageal Phase.

A

3rd-closure of velopharyngeal, hyo-laryngeal elevation, epiglottic inversion, airway closure, base of tongue retraction, posterior pharyngeal wall contraction.
4th-bolus moves faster through upper 1/3; moves slower through the aortic arch. Kids= 6-10 seconds
Adults= 8-20 seconds

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9
Q

Scarpas’ Ganglion

A

Collection of vestibular Afferent neurons connect HCs and are the 1st order of neurons of the vestibular nerve.

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10
Q

Vestibulospinal Tract

A
  1. Medial-Bilateral pathway (control neck and trunk)

2. Lateral-Ipsilateral pathway (control limbs)

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11
Q

Ampullae

A

Bulge near base of the semi-circular canals.

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12
Q

Cupula

A

Gelatinous interior. Hair cells sit on top of the crista

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13
Q

Otoliths Organs

A

Saccule=vertical acceleration

Utricle=horizontal acceleration

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14
Q

VSR-Vestibulospinal Reflex

A

Helps maintain postural control muscle throughout body and are constantly changing tension to maintain this posture.

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15
Q

VOR-Vestibuloocular Reflex

A

Stabilize retinal images during head movement–the eyes move in direction opposite of the head rotation.

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16
Q

VNG-Videonystagmography Testing

A

Exploit the VOR–tests stress VOR

Look for Nystagmus, the rhythmic beating of the eyes

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17
Q

VEMP-Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential Testing

A

Soon-motor reflex; muscle action induced by sound stimulation. Uses high level sounds to stimulate and reflect the saccule. The saccule reacts as if to an impact or sudden movement.

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18
Q

VNG Testing

A
  1. ) Occulomotor Testing=patient must eye track light source as it moves
  2. ) Postional/Postural Testing=patient is placed in series of positions.
  3. ) Caloric Testing=hot/cold H20, or air, inserted into the ear canal .
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19
Q

The 3 Vestibular Organs

A
  1. Saccule
  2. Utricle
  3. Semi-circular Canals
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20
Q

The 4 separate nuclei of the SOC

A
  1. Lateral Superior Olive (LSO)
  2. Medial Superior olive (MSO)
  3. Trapezoid Body
  4. Pre-Olivary Nuclei
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21
Q

2 mechanisms combined to give information.

A
  1. ITD-Interaural Time Difference—for low frequency sounds

2. ILD-Interaural Level Difference–for high frequency founds

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22
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

Persistent heightened sense of anxiety. More than 6 months to diagnose NOT marked by panic attacks.

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23
Q

Phobia

A

Oversized reaction to environmental stimulus by activity sympathetic NS

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24
Q

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A

Obsession=intransigence thoughts “bad” & feelings, impulses lead to anxiety
Compulsions=repetitive actions or thoughts used to mitigate anxiety

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25
Q

Humeral

A

Influence body through ENDOCRINE changes

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26
Q

Visceromotor

A

Influence body thru changes in sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

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27
Q

Somatic

A

Influence body changes through primarily SKELETAL muscle

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28
Q

3 general functions of hypothalamus

A
  1. ) Humeral
  2. ) Visceromotor
  3. ) Somatic
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29
Q

2 types of bipolar disease

A

Type I=Manic Episodes-characterized by w/ or w/out depression episodes

Type II- Characterized by Hypomania episodes milder mania. Always associated w/ depression bouts. Not lasts 2 weeks though.

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30
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

Influence GABA (Gamma Aminobutyric Acid). Powerful inhibitory NT. Ex. Valium-affect entire brain-effective for acute anxiety outs/attacks.

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31
Q

Diathesis-Stress hypothesis

A

Genetic predisposition to a disorder overactive HPA system from lack of glucocortoid receptors in hippocampus

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32
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Loss of reality. Disruption of thoughts perception and mood.
Delusions. Hallucinations. Disorganized Speech.
Disorganized behavior. Memory Impairment.

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33
Q

Influence of amygdala on HPA

A

Sensory input coming from neocortex, goes to amygdala. The amygdala stimulates the hypothalamus if stimuli induces fear response.
HPA Is activated.

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34
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Loss of contact w/reality. Disruption of thoughts, perception and mood. Delusions Hallucinations. Decrease emotion expressed. Memory impairment. Disorganized speech/hearing
Hard initiate goal–directed behavior

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35
Q

Auditory Cortex Location

A

Deep in temporal lobe @ lateral sulcus. Brodmann’s 41 & 42 areas @ the superficial part.

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36
Q

2 pathways of the olive cochlear efferent systems

A

Medial-inhibits elector motility of OHCs depolarization hindered
Lateral-no due IPSPs in Afferent dendrites of spiral ganglion neurons.

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37
Q

What does the cochlear amplifier do?

A

Enhances BM displacement @ CF to stimulus

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38
Q

TC-Tuning Curve

A

The envelope of the thresholds required for provoking response across all the frequencies. Divided into 2 sections: tail and tip

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39
Q

Inferior Colliculus (IC)

A

Functions not totally understood; appears to refine frequency processing of CN and binaural processing of SOC and may aid in sound localization.

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40
Q

Cochlea’s Primary job

A

Transducer auditory acoustic- electrochemical signal for the brain.

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41
Q

Otocnia

A

Ca+ carbonate crystals that sit atop gelatinous layer and provide inertial mass not in semi-circular canals.

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42
Q

Macula

A

Surface of otoliths that contain hair cells

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43
Q

VCR-Vestibulocollic Reflex

A

Muscle action to stabilize head following impact or sudden movement

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44
Q

Cerebellum in VOR

A

Crucial motor learning the small instinctual movements made in eyes to compensate for movement of the head.

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45
Q

Balance input- 3 sources

A
  1. ) Vestibular End Organ
  2. ) Visual System
  3. ) Somato-Sensory/Proprioceptive System
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46
Q

Caloric Testing-VNG Testing

A

Stimulate horizontal SCC COWS-direction of beat of nystagmus
COLD=Opposite. WARM=Same

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47
Q

Paresis

A

Muscle weakness & minor paralysis loss of excitatory action on D1 receptors

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48
Q

Rigidity

A

A product of lack of excitation and inhibition. Inability to contract main muscle & inability to inhibit antagonist muscle

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49
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Sits deep w/in cerebral hemispheres under cortex layers.

  1. ) Caudate Nucleua
  2. ) Putamen
  3. ) Substantia Nigra
  4. ) Subthalamic Nuclei
  5. ) Globus Pallidus
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50
Q

Supplemental Motor Cortex

A

Pre motor extends deep & becomes supplemental motor cortex (Broadmanns’ Area 6)

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51
Q

Chorea

A

Slow involuntary movements of face and distal limbs.

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52
Q

Parts of the Corpus Callosum

A

Primary Sensory Cortex + Primary Motor Cortex + Supplemental Motor Cortex

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53
Q

Strategy vs. Execution vs Tactics

A

Goal of movement & how to achieve the goal. Associate areas visual & BG & auditory cortices
VS
Activation of specific lower motor neurons to contract appropriate muscles. Brain stem & SC
VS
Sequence of muscle contractions needed to c/w the strategy. Motor cortex & cerebellum

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54
Q

Upper Motor Neurons
VS
Lower Motor Neurons

A

From Motor Cortex or Brainstem
VS
Motor neurons on SC or connecting brainstem/SC to muscle effectors

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55
Q

2 Spinal Cord Pathways

A
  1. ) Lateral-voluntary movement of distal muscles (originate in the cortex)
  2. ) Ventromedial-heavily involved in postural control (originated in Brainstem needed to maintain in posture & balance.
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56
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

A

Responsible for volition all control of motor systems. precise movements Lose contralateral side if damage to this.

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57
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A
  • large #s of efferent and Afferent pathways
  • defined one’s personality & congnition
  • highest -order processing takes place
  • inputs to motor cortex w/ decisions about what actions need to be done.
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58
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

Substantia Nigra degenerates loss of dopamine release to the corpus striatum. Muscle tremors, rigidity, initiating movements & postural disturbances.

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59
Q

Tremors

A

Uncontrollable movements loss of inhibitory action on D2 receptors

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60
Q

Superoxide

Superoxide Dismutase

A

O2 w/ additional unpaired e-, key intermediary molecule e-Transport Chain (eTC). This excess leads to break down of DNA, cell membrane and triggers apoptosis.

Catalyze O2- +2H+=H2O2, then catalyze again to H2O

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61
Q

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

A

De-myelinated disease of CNS & PNS at 20-40 hold. Auto-immune reaction. Plaques of de-myelinated are visible in MRIs.

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62
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

A

Progressive atrophy of the Upper and Lower Motor System Neurons Etiology=unknown

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63
Q

Affective Neuroscience

A

Study of neural basis of emotions and moods.

Emotional expression and emotional experiences.

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64
Q

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

A

Results temporal lobe lesions, include the amygdala.
Hyper-sexuality. “Flat emotion”
Decrease in fear & aggression

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65
Q

Aggression

A

NOT an emotion. Behavior manifestation of the anger emotion
2 parts= 1.) Predatory-for purpose of obtaining food. Little vocalization or activation of sympathetic NS-stimulated hypothalamus (Lateral)
2.) Affective- showy aggression to intimidate. MUCH vocalization & sympathetic NS (e.g. Cat hair stands up when see dog)

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66
Q

James-Lange Theory of emotion

A
  1. Reaction to Brain path=emotion response to physiological changes in body. Body Changes lead to emotion
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67
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory of emotion

A

Brain, then to Reaction. Experience separate from expression inputs to thalamus drive emotions

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68
Q

Papez Circuit

A

Bi-directional “emotion system” medial wall of brain, links cortex w/ hypothalamus

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69
Q

Fornix

A

Bundle of axons leave the hippocampus to the hypothalamus

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70
Q

Paul Broca’s Limbic Lobe

A

Form ring around brain stem and corpus Callosum on brain’s medial walls.

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71
Q

Neural basis of aggression

A

Amygdala (also orbito-frontal cortex & anterior cingulate cortex also involved)

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72
Q

Anxiety and 5 types

A

Symptom sympathetic system activation. Brain perceives things as stressors.

  1. ) Panic Disorder. 2.). Agoraphobia
  2. ) Generalized Anxiety Disorder 4.) Phobias
  3. ) Social Phobia/Social Anxiety
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73
Q

Panic Disorder

A

Student activation of sympathetic system in absence of appropriate trigger stimulus. One of the 5 Anxieties

74
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Induced by fear of an inability to escape from a situation An average=fear leaving home. 2 of the 5 Anxieties

75
Q

2 Auditory Cortex

A

A1=Primary Auditory Complex-can go to other part of brain (i.e. Wernicke & Broca). Increase % of MGB.
A2=Secondary Auditory Complex-also can have direct projections here.

76
Q

Amygdala

A

Part of brain-intricately tired to emotional responses.

77
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Frontal Lobe-posterior portion of inferior frontal gyrus.

Expressive speech=POC

78
Q

Angular Gyrus

A

Junction of temporal, parietal, & occipital lobes facilitates reading and writing

79
Q

2 parts of SOC-Superior Olivary Complex and sensitive to what?

A

LSO-Lateral Superior Olive=sensitive to I./level difference

MSO-Medial Superior Olive=sensitive to phase/time difference

80
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Temporal lobe-posterior 2/3 of superior temporal gyrus-can extend into inferior parietal lob. POC=Comprehension of Auditory

81
Q

Supramarginal Gyrus

A

Posterior parietal lobe involved w/ language perception & processing.

82
Q

Accurate Fasciculus

A

Associated fibers connecting frontal lobe w/ posterior portion of temporal-parietal junction.
Broca’s & Wernicke connect here
Important role in repetition

83
Q

Language

A

A set of symbols gives meaning to speech/our actual output.
Express our thoughts
Understanding what is communicated.

84
Q

Fluent Aphasis

A

Wernicke’s Area. Normal prosodic variations of pitch, loudness, and stress. Words flow fairly normal, but speech may be empty &/or Jargon

85
Q

Non-Fluent Aphasia

A

Effort full, hesitant, choppy “Telegraphic Speech”.
Broca’s Area
Single word & short phrases. Limited use of function words
Comprehension relatively well preserved.

86
Q

Anomia

A

Difficulty naming objects, pictures, 24/7 lesions throughout Left hemisphere NOT same as Tip of the Tongue

87
Q

Agraphia

A

Disorder of writing

88
Q

Perisylvian Region

A

Lesions here may disrupt ability to repeat words. Is the area surrounds Broca & Wernicke’s follows outline of Arcuate Fasiculius

89
Q

Alexia

A

Disorder of reading in a previously literate person

90
Q

Pure Agraphia

A

Minimum or no Aphasic deficits other than an inability to write.
Lesions @ Left superior frontal region
Not due to motor deficits

91
Q

Alexia w/ Agraphia

A
  • spoken language usually intact
  • often overlaps w/ Wernicke’s aphasia
  • lesions often Left interior parietal lobe involving suprasegmental & angela gyri
92
Q

Alexia without Agraphia

A
  • inability to read, is an isolated deficit
  • intact speech, comprehension, spelling, writing
  • disconnection syndrome
93
Q

Extralinguistic Functions
VS
Paralinguistic Functions

A

Attn, memory, & visual–spatial skills
VS
Pragmatic skills, discourse cohesion, able know sarcasm, jokes, and interpret abstract language; use & interpret non-verbal communication.

94
Q

Lateral Inhibition Networks

A

When 1 cell fires-excite a cell or might inhibit cells next to it.

95
Q

Specialties of each 3 separate CN-Cranial Nerves

A
  1. ) AVCN-Temporal (timing) coding
  2. ) PVCN- harder to measure
  3. ) Dorsal-frequency spectral coding
96
Q

Kinesthesis

A

Knowledge of where your limbs are in space; limb position

97
Q

Most important thing about the Vestibular System.

A

Sensitive to acceleration and deceleration

98
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Skeleton of the cell. Forms the cell’s shape and frame of the neuron.

99
Q

The 3 “bones” of the cytoskeleton

A
  1. ) Microtubules
  2. ) Neurofilaments
  3. ) Microfilaments
100
Q

Ependyma

A

Line cavities of brain and spine. Helps circulate cerebrospinal fluid and absorb nutrients to/from CSF.

101
Q

Microglia

A

dormant until called to order to attack the immune system

102
Q

3 options of Neurotransmitter

A
  1. ) cross into post-synaptic and absorbed
  2. ) hang out in synaptic cleft=bad
  3. ) reabsorbed into pre-synaptic
103
Q

AFFERENT

A

PNS to CNS

Message propagated from sensory cells to brain=sensory

104
Q

Spine jobs

A
  1. ) distributes efferent info from brain to body extremities
  2. ) collects Afferent (f:PNS) inputs and sends into brain
  3. ) house vertebral cord
  4. ) flexible and protection
105
Q

White and Gray matter

A

White=de/ascend tracts

Gray=cell bodies and unmylenated axons

106
Q

Dorsal Horns

A

Have sensory cells, receive sensory input from periphery through the DORSAL root ganglia

107
Q

Ventral Horns

A

Motor cells project efferent inner action to muscle tissue in PNS

108
Q

Spinal Cord divided by 4

A
  1. ) Dura Mater=outer layer, tough & fibrous
  2. ) Arachoid Mater=middle, thin, like a spider-web
  3. ) Ligametum Denticulatum=thin, between arachnoid and pia, restricts cord
  4. ) Pia Mater=inner, against cords surface, thin and vascular
109
Q

CSF-Cerbro-Spinal Fluid

A

in the subarachnoid space (between arachnoid and pia)

Protects SC from trauma, removes waste.

110
Q

ECPs of the Spinal Cord

A

Enter: foramen magnum
Ends: medulla oblongata

111
Q

The only sense that goes through the spine?

A

Touch=travel to brain via the spine

112
Q

The 2 vertebrae fused together are what?

A

Sacral & coccygeal

113
Q

Schwann cell
VS
Oligodendrocyte

A

Forms myelin sheath around neurons in PNS
VS
Forms myelin sheath around neurons in CNS

114
Q

2 types of NS compose the CNS?

2 types of transverse plane/cut needed

A

Brain & Spinal Cord

115
Q

Transverse
VS
Horizontal

A

Slope cuts
VS
Cut @90 degrees

116
Q

Nervous System consists of what?

A
  1. ) Brain
  2. ) SC
  3. ) Peripheral Nerves
  4. ) Receptors & Effectors
117
Q

4 planes of orientation are…?

A
  1. ) Coronal
  2. ) Horizontal
  3. ) Sagittal
  4. ) Transverse
118
Q

Gradient

A

A difference between 1 location and another.

119
Q

Diffusion

A

Tendency for ions to dissolve in fluid, spread out evenly throughout medium so not clump together and create gradient (high concentration areas and low ares of concentration) on inside and outside of cell

120
Q

Cation

A

One less election, e-, which leads to one more proton, p+

The e- is easily given away.

121
Q

What is the resting electrical potential of a neuron?

A

-65mV inside and 0mV outside

122
Q

Anion

A

E->P+. Eg Cl-goes negatively charged ion thanks to cation

123
Q

What is EPSP?

A

Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential. Influx of Na+ can end action potential, if strong enough.

124
Q

What is IPSP?

A

Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potential. Prevents action potential by inducing hyperpolarization opens Cl- channels. Brings additional charge into neuron.

125
Q

Microfilaments

A

Narrowest diameter-made of actin. Influence cells shape.

1 of 3 “bones” of cytoskeleton

126
Q

Neurofilaments

A

Medium diameter- made of multiple different sub-units

1 0f 3 “bones” of cytoskeleton

127
Q

Mitochondrial Filaments

A

Mitochondria replicate independently of the cell. Have their own sets of DNA w/ 16, 659 base pairs
Inherited from the Mother.

128
Q

Microtubules

A

Largest diameter - made of tubular

1 of 3 bones in cytoskeleton

129
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Interruptions in myelin sheath where action potential is propagated (small patches in myelin)

130
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

A fatty, insulating sheet that covers that axon. Speeds up transmission of info traveling down the axon=it’s purpose

131
Q

Dendrite

A

The neuritis that are dense with synapses.

132
Q

Synapses

A

POC between cells

133
Q

Axoplasmic transport

A

Methods which materials are transported to/from soma to/from Length of axon.

134
Q

2 types of neurites

A
  1. ) Axon

2. ) Dendrite

135
Q

The 2 types of cell death

A
  1. ) Necrosis

2. ) Apoptosis

136
Q

2 types of axoplasmic transport

A

Anterogarde transport–from soma down to axon

Retrogarde transport–from axon BACK to some

137
Q

Necrosis

A
  • swell of cell body, then bursts..leads to
  • …spilling of the cell’s contents
  • inflammatory response
  • NO consumption of energy (passive process)
138
Q

Apotosis

A

Shrinkage of cytoplasm, fragments are created and leads to spill and no inflammation. Active process-USES energy/ATP.
Sacrifices self to save the adjacent cells from Necrosis

139
Q

Effectors

A

Execute a command/signal
Use/deliver neural signal to create an action
Muscle/glands

140
Q

Skeletal muscles

A

Fast movement Combination of efferent/motor units.

Muscle to the brain via muscle spindles.

141
Q

Muscle contraction

A

Muscle begins @ the origin and ends @ insertion

142
Q

2 types of muscle proteins

A
  1. ) Myosin- thinks muscle fibers formed

2. ) Actin- thin muscle fibers formed, myosin pulls back at in to contract muscle toward origin (pull NOT push)

143
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Glial cells of PNS

144
Q

Peripheral Nerve Jobs

A

Connects CNS rest of body-via spine EXCEPT cranial nerves
Connects receptor cells to CNS
Connects CNS to effector cells

145
Q

Phagocytosis

A

1st step to clean up injury-site removal of components of tissues/cells (Microglia cells in CNS)

146
Q

3 types of cranial nerves

A
  1. ) Sensory
  2. ) Motor
  3. ) Mixed
147
Q

Factors affecting regeneration

A

Status of endoneurium:
Intact=good. Smaller=good recovery
Type of Nerve:
If 100% sensory or 100% motor=quicker recovery > mixed
Without Separation:
Wider gap=tissues fill in space=poorer recover because need higher % of axons.

148
Q

Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

A

The ONLY mobile joint on the skull

149
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Diffuse, non -specific set of neurons. Extend from SC thru the brains team and mid-brain Ito cerebrum

150
Q

Medulla Functions

A

Controls autonomic functions
Things one does not think about (e.g. Breathing, circulation, digestion). The lower the structure = the MORE fundamental

151
Q

Pons’ Functions

A

Connect lower part of the medulla and SC to the higher part of the midbrain. Relay info between the 2 hemispheres
CN 3-12 ECPs.
Houses SOC and CN8 for localization aide.

152
Q

Brainstem composed of what and what is its functions?

A
  1. Medulla Oblongata, Pons, and midbrain
    2.) Connects SC and higher brain centers (cerebrum) as/descend SC tracts run through
    Controls reflexive body functions –respiration, cardiovascular
    Houses nuclei of CN 3-7
153
Q

Suture

A

Immobile joints, where the divisions of the skull connect

154
Q

Fontanelles

A

Infant’s skull: bones NOT fully grown together at the sutures
Membranes cover the open spaces in their skull in lieu of sutures are these.

155
Q

Cerebellar Peduncles

A

Cereb outputs to vestibular nucleus which influences effectors through SC

156
Q

Vestibulospinal Tract

A

Connect cerebellum to Brainstem & cerebrum

157
Q

Conduction Velocity

A

How fast info. Travels along an axon
Long= 72-120 mmsecs
Small= .4-2 mmsecs.

158
Q

Refractory Period

A

POST AP hyper-polarization state. Due to an affluent of K+

Neurons can’t fire, they are reloading to its resting period

159
Q

2 phases of Refractory Period

A 
ABSOLUTE= population action potential can be triggered during this time. 
RELATIVE= action potential BUT excitatory stimulus is greater>normal
160
Q

Amino Acids

A

Glutamate
GABA
Glycine

161
Q

Amines

A

Dopamine Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Acetylcholine

162
Q

Peptides

A

Endorphins
Enkephalin
Substance P

163
Q

Gradient

A

A separation from 1 side to another side

164
Q

Hyper-Polarization

A

-65 mV leads to move out more - from 0 line via Cl- in channels open gated.

Depolarization takes close to a 0 charge

165
Q

Glial Cells

A

Support cells in Nervous System
Allows neurons to operate.
Cells: Neurons:
1:5

166
Q

The 4 types of Glial Cells

A
  1. ) Astrocytes
  2. ) Oligendocytes
  3. ) Epndyma
  4. ) Microglia
167
Q

Patellar Tendon Reflex

A

Test to ID our spinal cord/reflect system.

168
Q

Cauda Equina

A

“Horse Tail”–fibers thread out

Spinal tap to drain out CSF (Cerebral Spinal Fluid)

169
Q

Efferent

A

CNS to PNS
Message flows from the brain to the muscle cells
Executes command==efferent communication

170
Q

Receptors

A

Message 1 neuron to the next. transducer stimulus from environment which leads to a neural signal.
1st step of AFFERENT Pathways

171
Q

3 jobs of the Neurotransmitter

A
  1. Cross into post synaptic and absorbed
  2. Reabsorbed into pre-synaptic
  3. Hang out in synaptic cleft
172
Q

Axon

A

Long neurites that lets neurons send signal over long distances. Covered in myelin sheath (fat) and this far dictates speed and direction

173
Q

Dendrite

A

Spreads out to talk to others. “Little roads” dense with synapses.

174
Q

What does nervous system consist of?

A
  1. Brain (CNS)
  2. Spinal cord (CNS)
  3. Peripheral nerves
  4. Receptors & effectors
175
Q

Diversity of neurons

A
  1. Pattern of connectivity
  2. Neurotransmitter release or respond to
  3. Connections to different sensory or Motor systems
176
Q

How do SSRIs - Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors - work?

A

Serotonins effects can be terminated by re-uptake into

pre-synaptic neurons

177
Q

Characteristic Frequency - CF

A

How neuron responds to sound. Ideal frequency elicit response from a neuron requires lowest stimulus level to elicit a response. A more intense stimulus is needed to activate same neurons if outside their CF.

178
Q

The 2 types of Neurotransmitters?

A
  1. Excitatory

2. Inhibitory

179
Q

What is needed to generate action potentials?

A

Neurotransmitters

180
Q

Which waves of an ABR correspond to true Action Potentials?

A

Waves I & II

181
Q

Origin of Wave II

A

Proximal CN VIII, auditory nerve…as enter cochlear nucleus. At end of auditory nerve as enters brain stem.

182
Q

Origin of Wave I

A

Action Potential of the distal portion of CN VIII (leaves the cochlea)
1st order neurons as leave the cochlea and internal auditory canal.

Ear (4 decks)

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