Neuroscience Flashcards
1
Q
Internal Auditory Meatus (IAM)
A
Hole through the petrous temporal bone.
Contains the 7th and 8th cranial nerves.
2
Q
CPS-Cerebello-Pontine-Angel
A
Location between the IAM and the Cochlear Nucleus.
Contains the 7th & 8th cranial nerves
3
Q
Bi-polar disorder
Type I- Manic
Type II-Hypomania
A
Type I= w/ or w/out depression episodes
Type II=episodes of milder mania ALWAYS associated w/ depression bouts NOT long enough in duration to be major depression–not 2 weeks.
4
Q
Sternocleidomastoid Muscle
A
Medial 3rd of clavicle, the origin=manubrium of sternum
Sweeps up and inserts into the mastoid process
Function=flexes the neck
5
Q
Anatomy vs. Phsiology
A
Study of structures of organisms and relations to their parts
Vs
Science dealing w/ functions of living organisms or their parts, way which bodily part functions.
6
Q
Dysphagia
A
Difficulty swallowing
7
Q
The first 2 stages, of 4, for “normal” swallowing.
1st-Oral Preparatory Phase
2nd=Oral Transport Phase
A
1st-labial seal. Tongue to Velum contact. Bolus is formed
2nd-posterior tongue depression; bold X squeezes against the palate, the arytenoid cartilages rock forward and respiration stops
8
Q
The last 2 stages (of the 4) for “normal” swallowing.
3rd-Pharyngeal Phase
4th-Esophageal Phase.
A
3rd-closure of velopharyngeal, hyo-laryngeal elevation, epiglottic inversion, airway closure, base of tongue retraction, posterior pharyngeal wall contraction.
4th-bolus moves faster through upper 1/3; moves slower through the aortic arch. Kids= 6-10 seconds
Adults= 8-20 seconds
9
Q
Scarpas’ Ganglion
A
Collection of vestibular Afferent neurons connect HCs and are the 1st order of neurons of the vestibular nerve.
10
Q
Vestibulospinal Tract
A
- Medial-Bilateral pathway (control neck and trunk)
2. Lateral-Ipsilateral pathway (control limbs)
11
Q
Ampullae
A
Bulge near base of the semi-circular canals.
12
Q
Cupula
A
Gelatinous interior. Hair cells sit on top of the crista
13
Q
Otoliths Organs
A
Saccule=vertical acceleration
Utricle=horizontal acceleration
14
Q
VSR-Vestibulospinal Reflex
A
Helps maintain postural control muscle throughout body and are constantly changing tension to maintain this posture.
15
Q
VOR-Vestibuloocular Reflex
A
Stabilize retinal images during head movement–the eyes move in direction opposite of the head rotation.
16
Q
VNG-Videonystagmography Testing
A
Exploit the VOR–tests stress VOR
Look for Nystagmus, the rhythmic beating of the eyes
17
Q
VEMP-Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential Testing
A
Soon-motor reflex; muscle action induced by sound stimulation. Uses high level sounds to stimulate and reflect the saccule. The saccule reacts as if to an impact or sudden movement.
18
Q
VNG Testing
A
- ) Occulomotor Testing=patient must eye track light source as it moves
- ) Postional/Postural Testing=patient is placed in series of positions.
- ) Caloric Testing=hot/cold H20, or air, inserted into the ear canal .
19
Q
The 3 Vestibular Organs
A
- Saccule
- Utricle
- Semi-circular Canals
20
Q
The 4 separate nuclei of the SOC
A
- Lateral Superior Olive (LSO)
- Medial Superior olive (MSO)
- Trapezoid Body
- Pre-Olivary Nuclei
21
Q
2 mechanisms combined to give information.
A
- ITD-Interaural Time Difference—for low frequency sounds
2. ILD-Interaural Level Difference–for high frequency founds
22
Q
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
A
Persistent heightened sense of anxiety. More than 6 months to diagnose NOT marked by panic attacks.
23
Q
Phobia
A
Oversized reaction to environmental stimulus by activity sympathetic NS
24
Q
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
A
Obsession=intransigence thoughts “bad” & feelings, impulses lead to anxiety
Compulsions=repetitive actions or thoughts used to mitigate anxiety
25
Humeral
Influence body through ENDOCRINE changes
26
Visceromotor
Influence body thru changes in sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
27
Somatic
Influence body changes through primarily SKELETAL muscle
28
3 general functions of hypothalamus
1. ) Humeral
2. ) Visceromotor
3. ) Somatic
29
2 types of bipolar disease
Type I=Manic Episodes-characterized by w/ or w/out depression episodes
Type II- Characterized by Hypomania episodes milder mania. Always associated w/ depression bouts. Not lasts 2 weeks though.
30
Benzodiazepines
Influence GABA (Gamma Aminobutyric Acid). Powerful inhibitory NT. Ex. Valium-affect entire brain-effective for acute anxiety outs/attacks.
31
Diathesis-Stress hypothesis
Genetic predisposition to a disorder overactive HPA system from lack of glucocortoid receptors in hippocampus
32
Schizophrenia
Loss of reality. Disruption of thoughts perception and mood.
Delusions. Hallucinations. Disorganized Speech.
Disorganized behavior. Memory Impairment.
33
Influence of amygdala on HPA
Sensory input coming from neocortex, goes to amygdala. The amygdala stimulates the hypothalamus if stimuli induces fear response.
HPA Is activated.
34
Schizophrenia
Loss of contact w/reality. Disruption of thoughts, perception and mood. Delusions Hallucinations. Decrease emotion expressed. Memory impairment. Disorganized speech/hearing
Hard initiate goal--directed behavior
35
Auditory Cortex Location
Deep in temporal lobe @ lateral sulcus. Brodmann's 41 & 42 areas @ the superficial part.
36
2 pathways of the olive cochlear efferent systems
Medial-inhibits elector motility of OHCs depolarization hindered
Lateral-no due IPSPs in Afferent dendrites of spiral ganglion neurons.
37
What does the cochlear amplifier do?
Enhances BM displacement @ CF to stimulus
38
TC-Tuning Curve
The envelope of the thresholds required for provoking response across all the frequencies. Divided into 2 sections: tail and tip
39
Inferior Colliculus (IC)
Functions not totally understood; appears to refine frequency processing of CN and binaural processing of SOC and may aid in sound localization.
40
Cochlea's Primary job
Transducer auditory acoustic- electrochemical signal for the brain.
41
Otocnia
Ca+ carbonate crystals that sit atop gelatinous layer and provide inertial mass not in semi-circular canals.
42
Macula
Surface of otoliths that contain hair cells
43
VCR-Vestibulocollic Reflex
Muscle action to stabilize head following impact or sudden movement
44
Cerebellum in VOR
Crucial motor learning the small instinctual movements made in eyes to compensate for movement of the head.
45
Balance input- 3 sources
1. ) Vestibular End Organ
2. ) Visual System
3. ) Somato-Sensory/Proprioceptive System
46
Caloric Testing-VNG Testing
Stimulate horizontal SCC COWS-direction of beat of nystagmus
COLD=Opposite. WARM=Same
47
Paresis
Muscle weakness & minor paralysis loss of excitatory action on D1 receptors
48
Rigidity
A product of lack of excitation and inhibition. Inability to contract main muscle & inability to inhibit antagonist muscle
49
Basal Ganglia
Sits deep w/in cerebral hemispheres under cortex layers.
1. ) Caudate Nucleua
2. ) Putamen
3. ) Substantia Nigra
4. ) Subthalamic Nuclei
5. ) Globus Pallidus
50
Supplemental Motor Cortex
Pre motor extends deep & becomes supplemental motor cortex (Broadmanns' Area 6)
51
Chorea
Slow involuntary movements of face and distal limbs.
52
Parts of the Corpus Callosum
Primary Sensory Cortex + Primary Motor Cortex + Supplemental Motor Cortex
53
Strategy vs. Execution vs Tactics
Goal of movement & how to achieve the goal. Associate areas visual & BG & auditory cortices
VS
Activation of specific lower motor neurons to contract appropriate muscles. Brain stem & SC
VS
Sequence of muscle contractions needed to c/w the strategy. Motor cortex & cerebellum
54
Upper Motor Neurons
VS
Lower Motor Neurons
From Motor Cortex or Brainstem
VS
Motor neurons on SC or connecting brainstem/SC to muscle effectors
55
2 Spinal Cord Pathways
1. ) Lateral-voluntary movement of distal muscles (originate in the cortex)
2. ) Ventromedial-heavily involved in postural control (originated in Brainstem needed to maintain in posture & balance.
56
Primary Motor Cortex
Responsible for volition all control of motor systems. precise movements Lose contralateral side if damage to this.
57
Prefrontal Cortex
- large #s of efferent and Afferent pathways
- defined one's personality & congnition
- highest -order processing takes place
- inputs to motor cortex w/ decisions about what actions need to be done.
58
Parkinson's Disease
Substantia Nigra degenerates loss of dopamine release to the corpus striatum. Muscle tremors, rigidity, initiating movements & postural disturbances.
59
Tremors
Uncontrollable movements loss of inhibitory action on D2 receptors
60
Superoxide
| Superoxide Dismutase
O2 w/ additional unpaired e-, key intermediary molecule e-Transport Chain (eTC). This excess leads to break down of DNA, cell membrane and triggers apoptosis.
Catalyze O2- +2H+=H2O2, then catalyze again to H2O
61
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
De-myelinated disease of CNS & PNS at 20-40 hold. Auto-immune reaction. Plaques of de-myelinated are visible in MRIs.
62
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Progressive atrophy of the Upper and Lower Motor System Neurons Etiology=unknown
63
Affective Neuroscience
Study of neural basis of emotions and moods.
| Emotional expression and emotional experiences.
64
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
Results temporal lobe lesions, include the amygdala.
Hyper-sexuality. "Flat emotion"
Decrease in fear & aggression
65
Aggression
NOT an emotion. Behavior manifestation of the anger emotion
2 parts= 1.) Predatory-for purpose of obtaining food. Little vocalization or activation of sympathetic NS-stimulated hypothalamus (Lateral)
2.) Affective- showy aggression to intimidate. MUCH vocalization & sympathetic NS (e.g. Cat hair stands up when see dog)
66
James-Lange Theory of emotion
1884. Reaction to Brain path=emotion response to physiological changes in body. Body Changes lead to emotion
67
Cannon-Bard Theory of emotion
Brain, then to Reaction. Experience separate from expression inputs to thalamus drive emotions
68
Papez Circuit
Bi-directional "emotion system" medial wall of brain, links cortex w/ hypothalamus
69
Fornix
Bundle of axons leave the hippocampus to the hypothalamus
70
Paul Broca's Limbic Lobe
Form ring around brain stem and corpus Callosum on brain's medial walls.
71
Neural basis of aggression
Amygdala (also orbito-frontal cortex & anterior cingulate cortex also involved)
72
Anxiety and 5 types
Symptom sympathetic system activation. Brain perceives things as stressors.
1. ) Panic Disorder. 2.). Agoraphobia
3. ) Generalized Anxiety Disorder 4.) Phobias
5. ) Social Phobia/Social Anxiety
73
Panic Disorder
Student activation of sympathetic system in absence of appropriate trigger stimulus. One of the 5 Anxieties
74
Agoraphobia
Induced by fear of an inability to escape from a situation An average=fear leaving home. 2 of the 5 Anxieties
75
2 Auditory Cortex
A1=Primary Auditory Complex-can go to other part of brain (i.e. Wernicke & Broca). Increase % of MGB.
A2=Secondary Auditory Complex-also can have direct projections here.
76
Amygdala
Part of brain-intricately tired to emotional responses.
77
Broca's Area
Frontal Lobe-posterior portion of inferior frontal gyrus.
| Expressive speech=POC
78
Angular Gyrus
Junction of temporal, parietal, & occipital lobes facilitates reading and writing
79
2 parts of SOC-Superior Olivary Complex and sensitive to what?
LSO-Lateral Superior Olive=sensitive to I./level difference
| MSO-Medial Superior Olive=sensitive to phase/time difference
80
Wernicke's Area
Temporal lobe-posterior 2/3 of superior temporal gyrus-can extend into inferior parietal lob. POC=Comprehension of Auditory
81
Supramarginal Gyrus
Posterior parietal lobe involved w/ language perception & processing.
82
Accurate Fasciculus
Associated fibers connecting frontal lobe w/ posterior portion of temporal-parietal junction.
Broca's & Wernicke connect here
Important role in repetition
83
Language
A set of symbols gives meaning to speech/our actual output.
Express our thoughts
Understanding what is communicated.
84
Fluent Aphasis
Wernicke's Area. Normal prosodic variations of pitch, loudness, and stress. Words flow fairly normal, but speech may be empty &/or Jargon
85
Non-Fluent Aphasia
Effort full, hesitant, choppy "Telegraphic Speech".
Broca's Area
Single word & short phrases. Limited use of function words
Comprehension relatively well preserved.
86
Anomia
Difficulty naming objects, pictures, 24/7 lesions throughout Left hemisphere NOT same as Tip of the Tongue
87
Agraphia
Disorder of writing
88
Perisylvian Region
Lesions here may disrupt ability to repeat words. Is the area surrounds Broca & Wernicke's follows outline of Arcuate Fasiculius
89
Alexia
Disorder of reading in a previously literate person
90
Pure Agraphia
Minimum or no Aphasic deficits other than an inability to write.
Lesions @ Left superior frontal region
Not due to motor deficits
91
Alexia w/ Agraphia
- spoken language usually intact
- often overlaps w/ Wernicke's aphasia
- lesions often Left interior parietal lobe involving suprasegmental & angela gyri
92
Alexia without Agraphia
- inability to read, is an isolated deficit
- intact speech, comprehension, spelling, writing
- disconnection syndrome
93
Extralinguistic Functions
VS
Paralinguistic Functions
Attn, memory, & visual--spatial skills
VS
Pragmatic skills, discourse cohesion, able know sarcasm, jokes, and interpret abstract language; use & interpret non-verbal communication.
94
Lateral Inhibition Networks
When 1 cell fires-excite a cell or might inhibit cells next to it.
95
Specialties of each 3 separate CN-Cranial Nerves
1. ) AVCN-Temporal (timing) coding
2. ) PVCN- harder to measure
3. ) Dorsal-frequency spectral coding
96
Kinesthesis
Knowledge of where your limbs are in space; limb position
97
Most important thing about the Vestibular System.
Sensitive to acceleration and deceleration
98
Cytoskeleton
Skeleton of the cell. Forms the cell's shape and frame of the neuron.
99
The 3 "bones" of the cytoskeleton
1. ) Microtubules
2. ) Neurofilaments
3. ) Microfilaments
100
Ependyma
Line cavities of brain and spine. Helps circulate cerebrospinal fluid and absorb nutrients to/from CSF.
101
Microglia
dormant until called to order to attack the immune system
102
3 options of Neurotransmitter
1. ) cross into post-synaptic and absorbed
2. ) hang out in synaptic cleft=bad
3. ) reabsorbed into pre-synaptic
103
AFFERENT
PNS to CNS
| Message propagated from sensory cells to brain=sensory
104
Spine jobs
1. ) distributes efferent info from brain to body extremities
2. ) collects Afferent (f:PNS) inputs and sends into brain
3. ) house vertebral cord
4. ) flexible and protection
105
White and Gray matter
White=de/ascend tracts
| Gray=cell bodies and unmylenated axons
106
Dorsal Horns
Have sensory cells, receive sensory input from periphery through the DORSAL root ganglia
107
Ventral Horns
Motor cells project efferent inner action to muscle tissue in PNS
108
Spinal Cord divided by 4
1. ) Dura Mater=outer layer, tough & fibrous
2. ) Arachoid Mater=middle, thin, like a spider-web
3. ) Ligametum Denticulatum=thin, between arachnoid and pia, restricts cord
4. ) Pia Mater=inner, against cords surface, thin and vascular
109
CSF-Cerbro-Spinal Fluid
in the subarachnoid space (between arachnoid and pia)
| Protects SC from trauma, removes waste.
110
ECPs of the Spinal Cord
Enter: foramen magnum
Ends: medulla oblongata
111
The only sense that goes through the spine?
Touch=travel to brain via the spine
112
The 2 vertebrae fused together are what?
Sacral & coccygeal
113
Schwann cell
VS
Oligodendrocyte
Forms myelin sheath around neurons in PNS
VS
Forms myelin sheath around neurons in CNS
114
2 types of NS compose the CNS?
| 2 types of transverse plane/cut needed
Brain & Spinal Cord
115
Transverse
VS
Horizontal
Slope cuts
VS
Cut @90 degrees
116
Nervous System consists of what?
1. ) Brain
2. ) SC
3. ) Peripheral Nerves
4. ) Receptors & Effectors
117
4 planes of orientation are...?
1. ) Coronal
2. ) Horizontal
3. ) Sagittal
4. ) Transverse
118
Gradient
A difference between 1 location and another.
119
Diffusion
Tendency for ions to dissolve in fluid, spread out evenly throughout medium so not clump together and create gradient (high concentration areas and low ares of concentration) on inside and outside of cell
120
Cation
One less election, e-, which leads to one more proton, p+
| The e- is easily given away.
121
What is the resting electrical potential of a neuron?
-65mV inside and 0mV outside
122
Anion
E->P+. Eg Cl-goes negatively charged ion thanks to cation
123
What is EPSP?
Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential. Influx of Na+ can end action potential, if strong enough.
124
What is IPSP?
Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potential. Prevents action potential by inducing hyperpolarization opens Cl- channels. Brings additional charge into neuron.
125
Microfilaments
Narrowest diameter-made of actin. Influence cells shape.
| 1 of 3 "bones" of cytoskeleton
126
Neurofilaments
Medium diameter- made of multiple different sub-units
| 1 0f 3 "bones" of cytoskeleton
127
Mitochondrial Filaments
Mitochondria replicate independently of the cell. Have their own sets of DNA w/ 16, 659 base pairs
Inherited from the Mother.
128
Microtubules
Largest diameter - made of tubular
| 1 of 3 bones in cytoskeleton
129
Nodes of Ranvier
Interruptions in myelin sheath where action potential is propagated (small patches in myelin)
130
Myelin Sheath
A fatty, insulating sheet that covers that axon. Speeds up transmission of info traveling down the axon=it's purpose
131
Dendrite
The neuritis that are dense with synapses.
132
Synapses
POC between cells
133
Axoplasmic transport
Methods which materials are transported to/from soma to/from Length of axon.
134
2 types of neurites
1. ) Axon
| 2. ) Dendrite
135
The 2 types of cell death
1. ) Necrosis
| 2. ) Apoptosis
136
2 types of axoplasmic transport
Anterogarde transport--from soma down to axon
| Retrogarde transport--from axon BACK to some
137
Necrosis
- swell of cell body, then bursts..leads to
- ...spilling of the cell's contents
- inflammatory response
- NO consumption of energy (passive process)
138
Apotosis
Shrinkage of cytoplasm, fragments are created and leads to spill and no inflammation. Active process-USES energy/ATP.
Sacrifices self to save the adjacent cells from Necrosis
139
Effectors
Execute a command/signal
Use/deliver neural signal to create an action
Muscle/glands
140
Skeletal muscles
Fast movement Combination of efferent/motor units.
| Muscle to the brain via muscle spindles.
141
Muscle contraction
Muscle begins @ the origin and ends @ insertion
142
2 types of muscle proteins
1. ) Myosin- thinks muscle fibers formed
| 2. ) Actin- thin muscle fibers formed, myosin pulls back at in to contract muscle toward origin (pull NOT push)
143
Schwann Cells
Glial cells of PNS
144
Peripheral Nerve Jobs
Connects CNS rest of body-via spine EXCEPT cranial nerves
Connects receptor cells to CNS
Connects CNS to effector cells
145
Phagocytosis
1st step to clean up injury-site removal of components of tissues/cells (Microglia cells in CNS)
146
3 types of cranial nerves
1. ) Sensory
2. ) Motor
3. ) Mixed
147
Factors affecting regeneration
Status of endoneurium:
Intact=good. Smaller=good recovery
Type of Nerve:
If 100% sensory or 100% motor=quicker recovery > mixed
Without Separation:
Wider gap=tissues fill in space=poorer recover because need higher % of axons.
148
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
The ONLY mobile joint on the skull
149
Reticular Formation
Diffuse, non -specific set of neurons. Extend from SC thru the brains team and mid-brain Ito cerebrum
150
Medulla Functions
Controls autonomic functions
Things one does not think about (e.g. Breathing, circulation, digestion). The lower the structure = the MORE fundamental
151
Pons' Functions
Connect lower part of the medulla and SC to the higher part of the midbrain. Relay info between the 2 hemispheres
CN 3-12 ECPs.
Houses SOC and CN8 for localization aide.
152
Brainstem composed of what and what is its functions?
1. Medulla Oblongata, Pons, and midbrain
2.) Connects SC and higher brain centers (cerebrum) as/descend SC tracts run through
Controls reflexive body functions --respiration, cardiovascular
Houses nuclei of CN 3-7
153
Suture
Immobile joints, where the divisions of the skull connect
154
Fontanelles
Infant's skull: bones NOT fully grown together at the sutures
Membranes cover the open spaces in their skull in lieu of sutures are these.
155
Cerebellar Peduncles
Cereb outputs to vestibular nucleus which influences effectors through SC
156
Vestibulospinal Tract
Connect cerebellum to Brainstem & cerebrum
157
Conduction Velocity
How fast info. Travels along an axon
Long= 72-120 mmsecs
Small= .4-2 mmsecs.
158
Refractory Period
POST AP hyper-polarization state. Due to an affluent of K+
| Neurons can't fire, they are reloading to its resting period
159
2 phases of Refractory Period
```
ABSOLUTE= population action potential can be triggered during this time.
RELATIVE= action potential BUT excitatory stimulus is greater>normal
```
160
Amino Acids
Glutamate
GABA
Glycine
161
Amines
Dopamine Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Acetylcholine
162
Peptides
Endorphins
Enkephalin
Substance P
163
Gradient
A separation from 1 side to another side
164
Hyper-Polarization
-65 mV leads to move out more - from 0 line via Cl- in channels open gated.
Depolarization takes close to a 0 charge
165
Glial Cells
Support cells in Nervous System
Allows neurons to operate.
Cells: Neurons:
1:5
166
The 4 types of Glial Cells
1. ) Astrocytes
2. ) Oligendocytes
3. ) Epndyma
4. ) Microglia
167
Patellar Tendon Reflex
Test to ID our spinal cord/reflect system.
168
Cauda Equina
"Horse Tail"--fibers thread out
| Spinal tap to drain out CSF (Cerebral Spinal Fluid)
169
Efferent
CNS to PNS
Message flows from the brain to the muscle cells
Executes command==efferent communication
170
Receptors
Message 1 neuron to the next. transducer stimulus from environment which leads to a neural signal.
1st step of AFFERENT Pathways
171
3 jobs of the Neurotransmitter
1. Cross into post synaptic and absorbed
2. Reabsorbed into pre-synaptic
3. Hang out in synaptic cleft
172
Axon
Long neurites that lets neurons send signal over long distances. Covered in myelin sheath (fat) and this far dictates speed and direction
173
Dendrite
Spreads out to talk to others. "Little roads" dense with synapses.
174
What does nervous system consist of?
1. Brain (CNS)
2. Spinal cord (CNS)
3. Peripheral nerves
4. Receptors & effectors
175
Diversity of neurons
1. Pattern of connectivity
2. Neurotransmitter release or respond to
3. Connections to different sensory or Motor systems
176
How do SSRIs - Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors - work?
Serotonins effects can be terminated by re-uptake into
| pre-synaptic neurons
177
Characteristic Frequency - CF
How neuron responds to sound. Ideal frequency elicit response from a neuron requires lowest stimulus level to elicit a response. A more intense stimulus is needed to activate same neurons if outside their CF.
178
The 2 types of Neurotransmitters?
1. Excitatory
| 2. Inhibitory
179
What is needed to generate action potentials?
Neurotransmitters
180
Which waves of an ABR correspond to true Action Potentials?
Waves I & II
181
Origin of Wave II
Proximal CN VIII, auditory nerve...as enter cochlear nucleus. At end of auditory nerve as enters brain stem.
182
Origin of Wave I
Action Potential of the distal portion of CN VIII (leaves the cochlea)
1st order neurons as leave the cochlea and internal auditory canal.
