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Undeleted > Science-Minerals > Flashcards

Science-Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Solution

A

A mixture in which one substance is often des solved in another.

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2
Q

Geode

A

A rounded hollow rock that is often lined with mineral crystals.

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3
Q

Crystallization

A

The process by which atoms are arranged to form a material with a crystal structure.

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4
Q

Streak

A

Color of a minerals powder.

Greenish Black, gray, white, colorless

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5
Q

Cleavage

A

The property of splitting evenly along flat surfaces/ smooth break

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6
Q

Luster

A

How a mineral reflects light from it’s surface.

Metallic, glassy, pearly, greasy, dull, nonmetallic

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7
Q

Fracture

A

How a mineral breaks apart when it does not split evenly/ jagged break

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8
Q

MOHs hardness scale

A

A ranking of minerals from softest to hardest/ 1-10.

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9
Q

Crystal

A

The repeating pattern of a minerals particles in a solid.

A solid with flat sides that meet at sharp edges and corners.

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10
Q

Element

A

A substance composed of a single kind of atom.

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11
Q

5 properties of minerals

A

Naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, crystal structure, Definite chemical composition

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12
Q

8 identifying minerals

A

Color, luster, streak, density, hardness, crystal systems, cleavage & fracture, special properties

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13
Q

Crystal

A

A solid with flat sides that meet at sharp edges and and corners.

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14
Q

Alloy

A

A solid mixture of two or more metals

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15
Q

Ore

A

Rock that contains a metal or economically useful mineral

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16
Q

Compound

A

A substance formed when 2 or more elements combine and lose their distinct properties

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17
Q

Fluorescence

A

A minerals ability to glow under ultraviolet light/ glows in the dark

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18
Q

Solid

A

Substance that keeps it’s shape, because it’s particles can’t flow freely.

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19
Q

True/false

A mineral ALWAYS contains certain elements in it’s definite proportions.

A

True

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20
Q

True/false

Very few minerals are compounds.

A

False, almost all

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21
Q

In what 2 ways can elements occur in nature?

A
  1. Pure form

2. Part of a compound

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22
Q

What are some examples of minerals that occur as elements instead of compounds?

A

Copper, silver, gold

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23
Q

True/false

Geologists have identified about 300 minerals.

A

False, 3,800 minerals

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24
Q

True/false

Each mineral has it’s own specific properties.

A

True

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25
Q

Why can’t color alone identify most minerals?

A
  1. Many minerals are the same color.

2. A mineral can change color.

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26
Q

True/false

Minerals containing metals often have a shiny luster.

A

True

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27
Q

Density

A
  1. Find mass per unit volume
  2. Each mineral has a characteristic density
  3. The density of a mineral is it’s mass divided by it’s volume
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28
Q

Hardness

A

Perform scratch test

Fingernail, penny, nail, scratches glass

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29
Q

Color

A

Observe surface of mineral

30
Q

Crystal systems

A

Observe # and angle of crystal faces

31
Q

Why does each mineral have it’s own properties, different from every other mineral

A

Define chemical composition

32
Q

Acid test

A

No reaction, bubbles, dissolved

33
Q

Calcite

A

Looks glassy, has smooth surface, can be scratched by steel, powder bubbles in vinegar

Crystal shape: hexagonal

Glass, electronic equipment, microscopes

34
Q

Copper sulfide

A

A metallic brassy, gray, or bluish shine, can be scratched by steel

Crystal shape: tetragonal

35
Q

Feldspar

A

Usually white or pink, has a pearly shine, breaks into flat pieces

Crystal shape: triclinic

36
Q

Galena

A

Heavy, has a bright, silvery-gray, metallic shine, is a soft mineral, can be scratched by steel

Crystal shape: cubic

37
Q

Halite

A

Evaporated salt water/ evaporation of solution

Usually transparent and colorless, feels sticky, can stand up on any side, dissolves easily in water

Crystal shape: cubic

Deposits are formed along the gulf coast, formed when ancient seas evaporated, found in the midwest and southwest

38
Q

Mica

A

Has a pearly shine, splits into thin, transparent sheets

Crystal structure: monoclinic

39
Q

Pyrite

A

Has shiny brassy color, cannot be scratched by steel

Crystal shape: cubic

40
Q

Quartz

A

Looks glassy, is very hard, cannot be scratched by steel

Crystal structure: hexagonal

Glass, electronic equipment, watches

41
Q

Sulfur

A

Pure form, usually light yellow, crystals are almost transparent; other pieces glisten and look greasy, can be scratched with a fingernail, has an identifiable, pungent odor

Crystal shape: orthorhombic

42
Q

Talc

A

Usually apple-green, white, or gray, has a pearly shine, feels greasy, fine-grained, so soft it can be scratched with a fingernail

Crystal shape: monoclinic

Powder

43
Q

What are the 2 ways in which minerals form?

A

Magma/lava and solutions

44
Q

How do minerals form from magma?

A

Magma cools and forms crystals

Form from melted materials and through crystallization

45
Q

How do minerals form from solutions?

A

When solutions evaporate or when solutions cool

Form from dissolved materials and through crystallization

EX: salt

46
Q

What affects the size of crystals formed from magma?

A

Cooling rate, amount of gas the magma contains, and the chemical composition

47
Q

Slow cooling=

A

BIG crystals

48
Q

Fast cooling=

A

small crystals

49
Q

Why does magma that cools deep below the surface have large crystals?

A

Cuz slow cooling leads to the formation of big crystals

50
Q

True/false

Lava cools quickly and forms minerals with small crystals.

A

True

51
Q

True/false

Minerals can form when solutions evaporate.

A

True

52
Q

How do minerals form from hot water solution?

A

Hot water holds more materials as the water cools, minerals crystallize

53
Q

Vein

A

Narrow channel or slab of a mineral that is much different from the surrounding rock

54
Q

How do veins form?

A

Hot water cools in cracks, minerals crystallize

55
Q

Gem

A

A gemstone that has been cut and polished

Jewelry, mechanical parts, decoration, abrasives, grinding and polishing

56
Q

Gemstone

A

Any hard, colorful mineral that has a brilliant or glassy luster

57
Q

5 examples of metals

A

Aluminum, iron, copper, silver, gold

58
Q

Why are metals useful?

A

They can be stretched into wire, flattened into sheets, and hammered or molded without breaking.

59
Q

What are some uses of metals?

A

Metal tools, machinery, metal filament in a lightbulb, aluminum foil, and the steel beams used to frame office buildings.

60
Q

Gypsum

A

Wallboard, cement, stucco

61
Q

True/false

Most metals occur in a pure form.

A

False, they do NOT appear in pure form, most metals are compounds

62
Q

Prospector

A

Anyone who searches for an ore deposit

63
Q

What features do geologists look for when they prospect for ores?

A

Look for veins and study maps by using seismic waves

64
Q

True/false

The map of an ore deposit helps miners decide how to mine the ore.

A

True

65
Q

What are the 3 types of mines?

A

Strip, shaft, and pit

66
Q

Open pit mine

A

Starts near the surface & extends deep underground; giant hole

67
Q

Shaft mine

A

Occurs in veins; network of tunnels

68
Q

Strip mine

A

Is exposed on the surface; scrapes away the surface

69
Q

True/false

People first devolved smelting in the 1800’s.

A

False, they’ve been doing it for thousands of years

70
Q

Describe the smelting of iron ore.

A

They crush the ore into thousands of pieces, it goes up an elector and into a furnace, the heat it up till the metal separates from the rock, then they poor/pull off the metal and get rid of the slag

71
Q

Why are alloys useful?

A

For stainless steal, because it uses machines and utensils

72
Q

How do geologists classify crystal structure?

A

6 groups

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