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Undeleted > Earth quakes-Science > Flashcards

Earth quakes-Science Flashcards

1
Q

Stress:

A

Force that acts on rock to change its shape or volume.

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2
Q

Three types of stress:

A

Tension, compression, shearing

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3
Q

Volume:

A

The amount of space a rock takes up.

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4
Q

Tension:

A

Stretches rock, crust gets thinner in the middle.

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5
Q

Compression:

A

Squeezes rock, rock folds or breaks.

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6
Q

Shearing:

A

Pushes dock in two different directions, rock slips or changes shape.

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7
Q

Fault:

A

A break in Earth’s crust.

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8
Q

Strike-slip fault:

A

There is little up or down motion.

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9
Q

Normal fault:

A

The hanging wall slips downward below the footwall.

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10
Q

Reverse fault:

A

The hanging wall slides up and over the footwall.

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11
Q

True or false? A strike-slip fault that forms the boundary between two plates is called a convergent boundary.

A

False, convergent boundary, no, it’s a transform boundary.

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12
Q

Hanging wall:

A

Slips downward when movement occurs along a normal fault. It occurs when the fault is at an angle. Above fault line.

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13
Q

Normal faults and Reverse faults:

A

The faults are at an angle. The faults have footwalls.

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14
Q

Shearing: Type of fault: Type of movement:

A

Type of fault: strike-slip Type of movement: horizontal

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15
Q

Tension: Type of fault: Type of movement:

A

Type of fault: Normal Type of movement: vertical

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16
Q

Compression: Type of fault: Type of movement:

A

Type of fault: reverse Type of movement: vertical

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17
Q

Which 2 types of faults result in mountains? How do you know?

A

Normal and Reverse, they move up

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18
Q

Anticline:

A

Arch, fold in rock that bends upward.

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19
Q

Syncline:

A

Sinks in, file in rocks that bends downward.

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20
Q

Folded mountains:

A

Whole thing, parallel ridges and valleys.

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21
Q

How is a fault-block mountain created?

A

It is created by two normal faults.

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22
Q

Plateau:

A

Tall, flat area. A large flat area of land higher then the area around it.

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23
Q

Type of fault:
Stress force:
Movement along fault:

A

Fault: Reverse fault
Stress force: compression, Movement along fault: vertical

Fault: Normal fault
Stress force: tension
Movement along fault: vertical

Fault: Strike-slip fault
Stress force: shearing
Movement along fault: horizontal

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24
Q

Footwall:

A

Below the fault line.

25
Q

Focus:

A

The point at which a rock under stress breaks and triggers an earthquake.

26
Q

Epicenter:

A

The point on the surface directly above the focus.

27
Q

Surface waves:

A

Carry energy from an earthquake away from the focus, through earths interior, and across the surface.

28
Q

Order in which the waves arrive:

A

P wave, S wave, surface wave

29
Q

P wave:

A

Fastest, least amount if damage, causes buildings to contract and expand.

30
Q

S wave:

A

Medium, medium amount of damage, shakes buildings from side to side.

31
Q

Surface wave:

A

Slowest, most damage, shakes buildings violently.

32
Q

Seismograph:

A

A device that records the ground movements caused by seismic waves.

33
Q

Mercalli scale:

A

Measures damage.

34
Q

Ritcher scale:

A

Measures the size or the strength of the waves.

35
Q

Moment magnitude:

A

Estimates the total amount of energy.

36
Q

How do geologists locate the epicenter of an earthquake?

A

Using information to draw three circles.

37
Q

What does the center of each circle represent?

A

Seismograph station.

38
Q

What does the radius of each circle represent?

A

Distance from the seismograph station.

39
Q

Tiltmeter:

A

2 barrels of water with a tube, works like a carpenter’s level.

40
Q

Creep meter:

A

A weight on a pulley, measures movement along a strike-slip fault.

41
Q

Laser-ranging device:

A

Laser with a reflector, detects changes in distance to a reflector.

42
Q

GPS satellites:

A

Satellite with receivers on the ground, uses a network of earth-orbiting satellites.

43
Q

How do the seismic waves behave when they encounter a fault?

A

They can change directions.

44
Q

How do the data from the movements of seismic waves help geologists determine the earthquake risk for an area?

A

Map the length and depth of the faults.

45
Q

Friction:

A

The force that opposes the motion of one surface as it moves across another surface.

46
Q

Where is the risk of an earthquake the highest in he United States?

A

Along the pacific coast.

47
Q

Where are earthquakes the his highest at risk?

A

Along faults.

48
Q

What 2 factors do geologists take into account when they determine earthquake risk?

A

Active faults and earthquake history.

49
Q

What kinds of damage are caused by the severe shaking of an earthquake?

A

Landslides or avalanches destroy buildings and bridges and fracture gas and water mains.

50
Q

What determines where and how much the ground shakes?

A

Sand and loose soil, type of rocks and soil.

51
Q

Liquefaction:

A

The process in which an earthquake’s violent shaking turns loose, soft soil into liquid mud.

52
Q

Aftershock:

A

An earthquake that occurs after a larger earthquake in the same area.

53
Q

Tsunami:

A

Large ocean waves usually caused by strong earthquakes below the ocean floor.

54
Q

What is the main danger to people during an earthquake?

A

Stuff falling on you.

55
Q

How can furniture be preferred from tipping over in an earthquake?

A

Fasten it to the wall.

56
Q

How can bedrooms be made safer during an earthquake?

A

No heavy things on the wall, above bed and no beds by the window.

57
Q

How can a brick or wood-frame building be modified to help it withstand an earthquake?

A

Ply wood panels.

58
Q

How does a base-isolated building reduce the amount of energy that reaches the building during an earthquake?

A

Absorb shock.

59
Q

How can earthquakes cause fire and flooding?

A

By fracturing gas and water lines.

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