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Undeleted > Biology Unit 2 > Flashcards

Biology Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Theory

A
  • All organisms have 1+ cells
  • Cells come from division of preexisting cells
  • Cells pass heredity material to offspring
  • Cell is structural and functional unit of all organisms
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2
Q

ALL cells have…

A

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
DNA

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3
Q

Plasma membrane

A
  • Outermost membrane of a cell
  • Encloses a jellylike mixture called cytoplasm
  • Suspended in the cytoplasm are specialized organelles
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4
Q

All cells start out life with DNA

A

In eukaryotic cells, DNA is contained within the nucleus

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5
Q

Lipid bilayer

A

Composition of nearly all cell membranes that’s a double layered sheet

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6
Q

Cell membrane

A

Regulates what enters and leaves the cells and provides protection and support

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7
Q

Cell

A
  • Every living cell exists in a liquid environment
  • Cells=10-20 micrometers in diameter
  • Cell size is limited by surface-to-volume ratio
  • Volume increases with the cube of the diameter
  • Surface area increases with the square
  • When cell expands in diameter, it’s volume increases faster then it’s surface area
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8
Q

Soltion

A

Mixture of two or more substances

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9
Q

Solutes

A

Dissolved in solution

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10
Q

Solvent

A

The dissolvent

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11
Q

Concentration

A

The mass of solute in a given volume of solution, or mass/volume

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12
Q

Diffusion

A
  • Particles in a solution tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated
  • Spontaneous spreading of molecules or ions
  • Essential for substances to move into, through, and out of cells
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13
Q

Equilibrium

A

The concentration of the solute is the same throughout a system

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14
Q

Fluid mosaic

A

Model of a cell membrane as a 2-dimensional fluid of mixed composition

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15
Q

Types of proteins

A

Adhesion, recognition, receptor, & transport

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16
Q

Adhesion proteins

A

Helps cells stick together

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17
Q

Recognition proteins

A

Identifies “self” cells

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18
Q

Receptor proteins

A

Triggers a change in cell activity

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19
Q

Transport proteins

A

Assists the movement of ions or molecules across the membrane

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20
Q

Nucleus

A

Protects DNA from the metabolic process of the cell

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21
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Outer boundary of the nucleus; controls access to DNA

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22
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

Viscous fluid enclosed by the nuclear envelope

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23
Q

Nucleuolus

A

Dense, irregularly shaped region where ribosomal subunits are assembled

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24
Q

Nuclear pore

A

Pores in our envelope responsible for mRNA

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25
Q

Endomembrane system

A
  • Series of interacting organelles between nucleus and plasma membrane
  • Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles
  • Produces lipids and proteins
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26
Q

Vesicles

A
  • Small, membrane enclosed organelle
  • Transports substances
  • Collects and disposes of waste, debris, or toxins
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27
Q

Peroxisome

A

Breaks down amino acids, fatty acids, and toxic substances

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28
Q

Lysosomes

A

Breaks down cellular wastes and debris

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29
Q

Vacuoles

A

Fluid filled; isolates or disposes of waste, debris, or toxic materials

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30
Q

Central Vacuole

A

Fluid filled vesicle in many plant cells

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31
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

A continuous system of sacs and tubes extending from the nuclear envelope

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32
Q

Smooth ER

A

Makes lipids and breaks down carbohydrates and fatty acids

33
Q

Rough ER

A

Ribosomes on the surface synthesize proteins

34
Q

Golgi body

A
  • Modifies proteins
  • Packages the finished products into vesicles
  • Some of the vesicles deliver their cargo to the plasma membrane; others become lysosomes
35
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • Double-membrane organelle that produces ATP by aerobic respiration in eukaryotes
  • Nearly all eukaryotic cells have mitochondria (including plant cells)
36
Q

Plastids

A

Double-membranes organelles that function in photosynthesis, storage, or pigmentation in plant and algal cells

37
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Specialized plastid for photosynthesis in some protists and plant cells

38
Q

What affects the rate of diffusion?

A

Size, temperature, concentration, charge, and pressure

39
Q

Lipid bilayers are selectively permeable

A

-Water can cross, but ions and polar molecules cannot

40
Q

Juror pressure/Jurgor?

A
  • Stiff cell walls keep plant cells from expanding very much

- Inflow of water causes pressure to build up

41
Q

Turgor

A

Pressure that a fluid exerts against a structure

42
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

Amount of Turgor that prevents osmosis into cytoplasm or other hypertonic fluid

43
Q

Transport proteins

A

Allow only specific substances to cross the cell membrane

44
Q

Passive transport

A

Solutes move through membrane; requires no energy

45
Q

Active transport

A

Transport protein pumps a solute against its concentration gradient; requires energy

46
Q

Active transport: Vesicle movement

A

Exocytosis, endocytosiss, phagocytosis

47
Q

Exocytosis

A

Cell expels a vesicles contents to extracellular fluid

48
Q

Endocytosis

A

Cell takes in a small amount of extracellular fluid by the ballooning inward of the plasma membrane

49
Q

Phagocytosis

A

“Cell eating” and endocytic pathway by which a cell engulfs particles such as microbes or cellular debris

50
Q

Membrane proteins and lipids are made:

A

In the ER and move to the Golgi bodies for final modification

51
Q

Exocytosis and endocytosis

A

Continually replace and withdraw membrane patches

52
Q

In order to use the energy stored in sugars, cells must 1st…

A

Transfer the sugar to ATP

53
Q

Energy transfer occurs when…

A

The bonds of a sugars carbon backbone are broken, driving ATP synthesis

54
Q

2 main mechanisms break down sugars to make ATP:

A

Aerobic Respiration and Fermentation

55
Q

Aerobic Resperation

A
  • Requires oxygen to break down sugars to make ATP
  • Releasing pathway in nearly all eukaryotes and some bacteria
  • Occurs in the mitochondria of a cell
56
Q

3 stages of aerobic relegation produce 36 ATP:

A

Glycolysis, Krebs, ETP

57
Q

Glycolysis

A
  • Occurs in the cytoplasm; net yield is 2 ATP

- Taking a sugar and breaking it in half

58
Q

Krebs cycle

A

Occurs in the mitochondria; net yield is 2 ATP

59
Q

ETP/Electron transfer phosphorylation

A

Occurs in the mitochondria; net yield is 32 ATP

60
Q

Fermentation

A
  • Sugar breakdown pathway that does not require oxygen to make ATP
  • Begins with glycolysis in the cytoplasm
  • Occurs entirely in the cytoplasm and does not include electron transfer chains
  • Net yield is 2 ATP, which provides enough ATP to sustain many single-celled species
61
Q

Cellular respiration and mitochondria

A
  • Cells require a constant source of energy for life process

- Respiration occurs in ALL cells and can take place either with or without oxygen

62
Q

Aerobic respiration formula:

A

C6⃣H1⃣2⃣O6⃣+6O2⃣ to 6CO2⃣+6H2⃣O+36ATP

Glucose+Oxygen to Carbon Dioxide+Water+Energy

63
Q

Explain Krebs cycle

A

Explain Krebs cycle

64
Q

Explain electron transport chain

A

Explain electron transport chain

65
Q

Energy

A

Energy for living things come from food, originally, they come from the sun

66
Q

Autotrophs

A

Organism that use LIGHT ENERGY from the sun to produce food

67
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Organisms that CANNOT use the Suns every to make food

68
Q

Cell energy

A
  • Cells usable source of energy called ATP
  • All energy is stored in the bonds of compounds, breaking the bond, releases the energy
  • When a cell has energy available, it can store this energy by adding a phosphate group to ADP, producing ATP
  • ATP is converted into ADP by breaking the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups and releasing energy for cellular process
69
Q

ATP stands for…

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

70
Q

Photosynthesis

A
  • The energy of sunlight is converted into the energy of glucose
  • Occurs in chloroplasts of plants
71
Q

Pigment

A
  • Light absorbing compound

- Absorb some wavelengths of light and reflect others(the color our eyes see is the color that the pigment reflects)

72
Q

Chlorophyll

A

The pigment inside the chloroplast that absorbs light for photosynthesis

73
Q

Photosynthesis formula

A

6CO2⃣+6H2⃣O+light to C6⃣H1⃣2⃣O6⃣+6O2⃣

Carbon dioxide+water+light to glucose+oxygen

74
Q

Light dependent reaction

A

H2⃣O is broken down and light energy is stored temporarily in inorganic energy carries, ATP and NADPH

75
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

Energy is transferred from ATP and NADPH to the organic compound glucose

76
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water across a permeable membrane

77
Q

Hypotonic

A

A fluid that has a low solute concentration

78
Q

Hypertonic

A

A fluid that has a high concentration

79
Q

Isotonic

A

2 fluids with identical solute concentrations

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