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Science genes, DNA and chromosomes unit Flashcards

1
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

An organism makes more of itself without exchanging genetic information with another organism (clone)

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2
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

New organisms are created by combining the genetic information from two individuals

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3
Q

Gametes

A

An organism’s reproductive cells (egg and sperm)

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4
Q

Genetic variation

A

Difference in the genome (hereditary information) amongst members of the same species

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5
Q

An organism’s reproductive cells are called gametes. Name two.

A

Egg and sperm

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6
Q

Genome

A

Hereditary information

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7
Q

Most cells in the human body have 46 chromosomes, which ones only have 23?

A

Female and male chromosomes (egg and sperm)

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8
Q

What are Mendel’s three principles?

A
  1. Law of Dominance
  2. Law of Segregation
  3. Law of Independent Assortment
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9
Q

Homozygous

A

Same Alleles

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10
Q

Heterozyhous

A

Different Alleles

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11
Q

Is heterozygous dominant or recessive?

A
  • 2 different alleles
  • Inherited a different version from each parent
  • In a heterozygous genotype, the dominant allele overrules the recessive one
  • dominant trait will be expressed.
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12
Q

Is homozygous dominant or recessive?

A
  • Homozygous dominant if it carries two copies of the same dominant allele
  • Homozygous recessive, if it carries two copies of the same recessive allele
  • Mainly recessive
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13
Q

Nucleus

A

Where chromosomes “live”

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14
Q

Chromosomes

A

Contain all the genetic material

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15
Q

Where chromosomes “live”

A

Nucleus

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16
Q

Contain all the genetic material

A

Chromosomes

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17
Q

Gene

A

A segment of a chromosome (made up of DNA)

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18
Q

DNA

A

Material from which chromosomes are constructed

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19
Q

A segment of a chromosome (made up of DNA)

A

Gene

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20
Q

Material from which chromosomes are constructed

A

DNA

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21
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Matching pairs of chromosomes (located in all cells except gametes)

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22
Q

Matching pairs of chromosomes (located in all cells except gametes)

A

Homologous chromosomes

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23
Q

How many chromosomes do homo sapiens have?

A

have 46 chromosomes

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24
Q

Gene

A

A portion of DNA that determines a certain trait

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25
Q

Allele

A

A specific form of a gene
- Responsible for the variations in which a given trait can be expressed

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26
Q

Genetic variation is because of…

A

Genetic variation is because of alleles - they help us adapt and survive

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27
Q

Each chromosome has a…

A

Each chromosome has a very long molecule of tightly coiled DNA

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28
Q

If you stretched the DNA in one cell…

A

If you stretched the DNA in one cell all the way out, it would be about 2 meters long

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29
Q

Stretching all the DNA in your body…

A

Stretching all the DNA in your body, the resulting strand would be the same length as 150,000 round trips to the moon!

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30
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

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31
Q

The double helix “ladder” of a DNA molecule is held together by what?

A

The double helix “ladder” of a DNA molecule is held together by “rungs” made of pairs of chemicals called bases

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32
Q

What are the four bases?

A
  1. Adenine
  2. Guanine
  3. Cytosine
  4. Thymine
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33
Q

How many base pairs in a DNA molecule are there in your body?

A

There are millions of base pairs in a DNA molecule!

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34
Q

What rules do they always follow?

A
  • A always pairs with T
  • C always pairs with G
  • Genetic code
35
Q

Genetic code

A

A sequence of 3 DNA bases (base pairs) that code for each amino acid.

36
Q

A sequence of 3 DNA bases (base pairs) that code for each amino acid.

A

Genetic code

37
Q

How genetically similar are you to a stranger?

A

99.9% genetically similar

38
Q

What do genes make?

A

Genes don’t make proteins, they make amino acids.

39
Q

Protein

A

Large, complex molecules that play critical roles in the body

40
Q

Large, complex molecules that play critical roles in the body

A

Protein

41
Q

What is protein made of?

A

Is is made of long chains of amino acids.

42
Q

Is is made of long chains of amino acids.

A

Protein!

43
Q

Different combinations of _ make different _

A

Different combinations of amino acids make different proteins

44
Q

How many types of proteins are there?

A

20 types

45
Q

There are 20 types of…

A

PROTEIN!

46
Q

How are traits made?

A

Gene - 1 amino acid - DNA sequence - protein that helps pigments = trait

47
Q

When you change the _ that changes the _ and that changes the _

A

When you change the base (DNA) that changes the amino acid and that changes the protein.

48
Q

Mutation

A

A mutation is any change in a gene or chromosome
- Phenotype may be different

49
Q

Any change in a gene or chromosome
- Phenotype may be different

A

Mutation

50
Q

List the types of Gene mutations!

A

a) Substitution - wrong base is used; this is the most common mutation
b) Insertion - when extra base is added
c) Deletion - when a base is left out

51
Q

Substitution in Gene mutations

A

wrong base is used; this is the most common mutation

52
Q

Insertion in Gene mutations

A

when extra base is added

53
Q

Deletion in Gene mutations

A

when a base is left out

54
Q

What is the most common mutation?

A

Substitution is the most common mutation

55
Q

Is race a biological reality, encoded in our DNA, or not?

A

No, it’s not

56
Q

List the types of Chromosomal Mutations

A
  • Deletion
  • Duplication
  • Inversion
  • Translocation
57
Q

Why do mutations happen reason 1

A
  1. Random errors
    - Substitution, insertion, or deletion of a base
    - Example: G-T pairings are a result of substitution
58
Q

Why do mutations happen reason 2

A
  1. Mutagens - any physical or chemical agent in the environment can cause a mutation
    Examples: Radiation, asbestos, chemicals in smoke
59
Q

What are the locations of mutations?

A

Reproductive/Sex cells and Somatic/Body cells

60
Q

Reproductive/Sex Cells

A
  • Does not affect the parent, but the mutation is transmitted to the offspring
61
Q

Somatic/Body cells

A
  • Mutation is not passed to offspring
  • Any cells produced from a mutated cell (through cell division) WILL ALSO HAVE THE MUTATION
62
Q

Genetic disorder

A

A genetic disorder is an abnormal condition that a person inherits through genes or chromosomes.

63
Q
  • Does not affect the parent, but the mutation is transmitted to the offspring
A

Reproductive/Sex Cells

64
Q
  • Mutation is not passed to offspring
  • Any cells produced from a mutated cell (through cell division) WILL ALSO HAVE THE MUTATION
A

Somatic/Body cells

65
Q

An abnormal condition that a person inherits through genes or chromosomes.

A

Genetic disorder

66
Q

A person can be a carrier how?

A

A person can be a carrier (having one dominant and one recessive allele)

67
Q

A person can be a carrier of a trait or genetic disorder…

A

A person can be a carrier (having one dominant and one recessive allele) of a trait or genetic disorder without displaying that trait or disorder.

68
Q

Genetic disorders list

A
  • Cystic Fibrosis
  • Sickle cell anemia
  • Hemophilia
  • Down Syndrome
  • Tumor suppressor gene mutations
69
Q

What is the relationship between genes, chromosomes and DNA?

A
  • Work together to make you who you are
  • Chromosomes carry DNA in cells
  • DNA is responsible for building and maintaining your human structure
  • Genes are segments of your DNA, which give you physical characteristics that make you unique
70
Q

Harmful mutations

A

An organism may not be able to survive or reproduce (albanism, not enough melanin pigment)

71
Q

Neutral mutations

A

Changes to the phenotype that do not affect adaptation nor reproduction (eye colour)

72
Q

Beneficial mutations

A

An organism has increased chances of surviving and/or reproducing (being able to camoflauge in nature or being lactose tolerant)

73
Q

An organism may not be able to survive or reproduce (albanism, not enough melanin pigment)

A

Harmful mutations

74
Q

Changes to the phenotype that do not affect adaptation nor reproduction (eye colour)

A

Neutral mutations

75
Q

An organism has increased chances of surviving and/or reproducing

A

Beneficial mutations

76
Q

Advantages of sexual reproduction

A

Genetic diversity

77
Q

Advantages of asexual reproduction

A

Takes less time and requires only one parent

78
Q

Disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A

Takes more time and requires two parents

79
Q

Disadvatages of asexual reproduction

A

No genetic diversity

80
Q

How does the genetic code lead to the expression of a phenotype?

A

DNA holds the instructions, or blueprint, for making proteins in its sequence of nucleotides. The process of transcription copies a specific segment of the genetic instructions, a gene, into a sequence of nucleotides of an RNA molecule. The RNA serves as an intermediate or messenger that takes the genetic information to the ribosome for translation into a sequence of amino acids that form a protein molecule. A protein performs a specific function inside or outside of the cell that makes it.

81
Q

What is the law of dominance?

A
  • in a heterozygote, one trait will conceal the presence of another trait for the same characteristic
  • Rather than both alleles contributing to a phenotype, the dominant allele will be expressed exclusively
82
Q

What is the law of segregation?

A
  • Genes come in different versions, or alleles
  • A dominant allele hides a recessive allele and determines the organism’s appearance
  • When an organism makes gametes, each gamete receives just one gene copy, which is selected randomly
83
Q

What is the law of Independent Assortment?

A
  • the alleles of two (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another
  • In other words, the allele a gamete receives for one gene does not influence the allele received for another gene

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