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Z Medicine Term 1 > Science for Medicine - Keywords > Flashcards

Science for Medicine - Keywords Flashcards

1
Q

Aetiology

A

Causes of disease

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2
Q

Pathogenesis

A

How disease develops

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3
Q

Symptoms

A

What patients notice

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4
Q

Signs

A

What doctors observe

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5
Q

Diagnosis

A

The decision reached about a disease

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6
Q

Prognosis

A

How the disease is likely to progress

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7
Q

Homeostasis

A

The integration of body systems to create an optimum internal environment in which all cells can function

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8
Q

Dilution principle

A

volume = mass/conc.

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9
Q

Prokryotic cell

A

a primitive cell that makes up unicellular organisms e.g. bacteria. no true nucleus.

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10
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A

mostly makes up multicellular organisms. contain many membrane bound intercellular organelles

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11
Q

Cytosol

A

The liquid medium of the cytoplasm

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12
Q

Ribosome

A

The site of protein synthesis

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13
Q

Nucleoid

A

The region of a bacterium that contains the chromosome but has no nuclear membrane

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14
Q

Plasmid

A

A circular, double-stranded unit of DNA that replicates within a cell independently of the chromosomal DNA.

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15
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

A network of cytoplasmic tubules or flattened sacs, involved in the synthesis of lipids, phospholipids and steroids. in muscle cells, it regulates calcium ion concentration and is called the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

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16
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

A network of cytoplasmic tubules or flattened sacs with ribosomes on its surface. Protein folding, modification, and assembly takes place in the lumen of the rough ER

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17
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

A network of membranous vesicles, that stores and modifies proteins and other macromolecules and transports them within the cell or excretes them from the cell.

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18
Q

Secretory vesicle

A

a membrane bound vesicle containing material that is to be excreted from the cell

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19
Q

Lysosome

A

a vesicle containing hydrolytic enzymes involved in the digestion of exogenous material

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20
Q

peroxisome

A

A cell organelle containing a large number of enzymes, including catalase and oxidase, that break down long-chain fatty acids and other organic molecules.

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21
Q

nucleoplasm

A

the contents of the nucleus, similar to the cytoplasm in a cell.

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22
Q

substrate-level phosphorylation

A

synthesis of ATP not involving electron transport, used in anaerobic respiration
[glycolysis]

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23
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

The ATP-generating process in which oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor. The major source of ATP generation in aerobic organisms.

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24
Q

phosphodiester bond

A

A covalent chemical bond that links two carbon atoms on the pentose sugars of adjacent nucleotides in RNA and DNA through a phosphate group.

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25
Q

Pyrimidine

A

Cytosine, thymine, uracil

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26
Q

Purine

A

adenine, guanine

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27
Q

nucleoside

A

a pentose sugar and a base

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28
Q

nucleotide

A

a base, a pentose sugar and a (or multiple) phosphate group

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29
Q

polysaccharide

A

a carbohydrate containing a large number of saccharide groups, e.g. starch

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30
Q

glycosidic bond

A

a covalent bond between two monosaccharides forming a disacccharide

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31
Q

amphipathic

A

a molecule with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties at different ends.

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32
Q

integral membrane proteins

A

proteins which are permanently attached to the membrane

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33
Q

transmembrane proteins

A

proteins that pass all the way through the membrane

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34
Q

peripheral membrane proteins

A

proteins which only adhere temporarily to the membrane with which they are associated

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35
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

a gradient consisting of both a difference in chemical concentration and a difference in charge

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36
Q

carrier mediated transport system

A

Transport across a membrane via a transmembrane carrier. two forms: active transport and facilitated diffusion

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37
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

movement across a membrane of molecules or ions down their concentration gradient via specific transmembrane proteins. does not require energy from ATP hydrolysis

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38
Q

active transport

A

movement of molecules or ions against their concentration gradient using energy from ATP hydrolysis

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39
Q

osmolarity

A

(penetrating and non-penetrating) solute concentration measured in osmoles per litre

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40
Q

Tonicity

A

concentration of non-penetrating solutes only. measured in osmoles per litre

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41
Q

hypo-tonic/osmotic

A

less than normal tonicity/osmolarity

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42
Q

iso-tonic/osmotic

A

equal tonicity/osmolarity

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43
Q

hyper-tonic/osmotic

A

higher than normal tonicity/osmolarity

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44
Q

epithelium

A

tissue consisting of one or more layers of closely packed cells covering the external and internal surfaces of the body

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45
Q

mucosa

A

a mucus-secreting membrane that lines body cavities or passages that are open to the external environment.

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46
Q

exocrine

A

secreting externally

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47
Q

endocrine

A

secreting internally

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48
Q

epidermis

A

The outer, protective, nonvascular layer of the skin. Composed of stratified epithelial tissue

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49
Q

dermis

A

The connective tissue layer of the skin, containing nerve endings, sweat and sebaceous glands, blood and lymph vessels.

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50
Q

hypodermis

A

A subcutaneous layer of loose connective tissue containing fat cells that attaches to the upper layers of skin.

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51
Q

keratinisation

A

process by which keratin is deposited in cells and they become horny

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52
Q

osteoblast

A

a bone forming cell

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53
Q

osteoclast

A

a cell involved in the breakdown and re-absorption of bone

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54
Q

osteocyte

A

a mature bone cell

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55
Q

trabecular bone

A

spongy bone with gaps willed with bone marrow

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56
Q

cortical bone

A

thin outer layer of compact bone

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57
Q

lipoprotein

A

a protein in which one of the components is a lipid

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58
Q

metalloprotein

A

a protein bound to a metal ion, e.g. haemoglobin

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59
Q

glycoprotein

A

a protein with a carbohydrate group

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60
Q

elastins

A

proteins capable of stretch

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61
Q

collagens

A

inelastic proteins which compose a major part of connective tissue

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62
Q

keratins

A

fibrous proteins whose fibers are a component of the horny layer of the epidermis, hair and nails.

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63
Q

cofactor

A

A specific substance required for the activity of an enzyme, such as a coenzyme or metal ion.

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64
Q

coenzymes

A

organic molecules required for the catalytic function of certain enzymes, e.g ATP

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65
Q

isoenzyme

A

enzymes that differ in amino acid sequence but catalyze the same chemical reaction.

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66
Q

Vmax

A

maximum rate of calalysed reaction

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67
Q

Km

A

the concentration of substrate when the reaction takes place at half its maximum rate

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68
Q

competitive inhibition

A

an inhibitor binds to the active site of an enzyme, preventing the substrate from binding

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69
Q

non-competitive inhibition

A

the inhibitor reduces the activity of the enzyme and binds equally well to the enzyme whether or not it has already bound the substrate.

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70
Q

enzyme assays

A

laboratory methods for measuring enzymatic activity

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71
Q

oligosacchardie

A

a saccharide polymer containing a small number (3-10) monosaccharides. often found in beans, peas, lentils etc.

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72
Q

monosaccharides

A

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

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73
Q

disaccharides

A

Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose

74
Q

Digestive glycosidases

A

hydrolytic enzymes that act on glycosides

75
Q

Glucokinase

A

phosphorylates glucose in the liver

76
Q

Hexokinase

A

phosphorylates glucose in tissues other than the liver

77
Q

lactate dehydrogenase

A

converts pyruvate to lactate

78
Q

pyruvate dehydrogenase

A

converts pyruvate to Acetyl CoA

79
Q

Cori cycle

A

glycolysis in skeletal muscle, lactate transported to liver, gluconeogenesis to form glucose transported back to skeletal muscle

80
Q

galactokinase

A

converts galactose to galactose-1-phosphate by adding a phosphate from the hydrolysis of ATP

81
Q

fructokinase

A

converts fructose to fructose-6-phosphate by adding a phosphate from the hydrolysis of ATP

82
Q

glycosoaminoglycan

A

long, unbranched polysaccharides

83
Q

proteoglycan

A

a glycosaminoglycan bound to a protein chain

84
Q

proton motive force (chemiosmosis)

A

energy that is generated by the transfer of protons or electrons across a membrane

85
Q

Triacylglycerol

A

Glycerol esterified at each of its three hydroxyl groups by a fatty acid

86
Q

phospholipid

A

any lipid that contains phosphorus, the major lipids in cell membranes.

87
Q

fatty acid

A

a straight chain monocarboxylic acid

88
Q

lipases

A

any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of fats (a subclass of esterases)

89
Q

Chylomicron

A

lipoproteins that transport dietary fats from the intestines through the blood to other tissues

90
Q

albumin

A

a water soluble plasma protein that adheres to various substances in the blood during transport

91
Q

fatty acid synthase

A

a multi-enzyme protein that catalyzes fatty acid synthesis

92
Q

prostaglandins

A

fatty acids with hormone like effects

93
Q

Thromboxanes

A

Substances similar to the prostaglandins that promote blood clotting.

94
Q

Leukotrienes

A

products of thromboxane metabolism that produce allergic and inflammatory reactions similar to those of histamine.

95
Q

cholesterol

A

a precursor of bile acids and steroid hormones and a key constituent of cell membranes.

96
Q

bile salts

A

the salt form of bile acids that contributes to the emulsification of fats in the intestine and their absorption from the GI tract.

97
Q

glia

A

the supporting structure of nervous tissue, consisting of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia.

98
Q

resting membrane potential

A

The voltage difference between the inside and the outside of a cell when no stimulus is applied.

99
Q

refractory period

A

The period following effective stimulation, during which excitable tissue fails to respond to a stimulus of threshold intensity

100
Q

conduction velocity

A

the speed with which an electrical impulse can be transmitted through excitable tissue

101
Q

saltatory conduction

A

conduction in which the nerve impulse jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next.

102
Q

nAChR

A

nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

103
Q

reuptake

A

The reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by a neuron following transmission across a synapse.

104
Q

temporal summation

A

the additive effect of sequential potentials from the same presynaptic neuron

105
Q

spatial summation

A

the additive effect of simultaneous potentials from different presynaptic neurons

106
Q

troponin

A

a complex of muscle proteins which, when combined with Ca2+, influences tropomyosin to initiate contraction.

107
Q

tropomyosin

A

a muscle protein that inhibits contraction by blocking the interaction of actin and myosin, except when influenced by troponin.

108
Q

isotonic contraction/twitch

A

muscle tension remains constant but muscle length changes

109
Q

isometric contraction/twitch

A

muscle length remains constant but muscle tension changes

110
Q

latent period

A

the time between a stimulus to the nerve and the contraction of the muscle

111
Q

tetanus

A

a state of sustained muscular contraction without periods of relaxation caused by repetitive stimulation

112
Q

fatigue

A

loss of the ability of a muscle to respond to stimuli.

113
Q

gap-junctions

A

regions of high ionic permeability between closely apposed cells

114
Q

intercalated disc

A

site of intercellular passage of ions and electrical impulses between two cardiac muscle cells

115
Q

autorhythmicity

A

the property of cardiac muscle cells generating their own rhythm

116
Q

functional refractory period

A

the minimum interval possible between successive responses to stimulation of a tissue

117
Q

relative refractory period

A

period after the functional refractory period during which a neuron cannot respond to a normal stimulus but will do so if a stronger than usual stimulus is applied.

118
Q

pacemaker potentials

A

a graded potential in pacemaker cells that fires action potentials when a threshold is reached

119
Q

molecular recognition

A

the specific interaction between two or more molecules through non-covalent bonding

120
Q

G-proteins

A

intracellular membrane-associated proteins activated by receptors

121
Q

exteroceptors

A

receptors that respond to external stimuli; located in the skin, oral cavity, eyes, ears, and nose.

122
Q

enteroceptors

A

any receptor that responds to stimuli inside the body

123
Q

proprioceptors

A

a receptor that detects the motion or position of the body or a limb

124
Q

chemoceptors

A

a receptor that responds to chemical stimuli

125
Q

thermoreceptors

A

a nerve ending sensitive to stimulation by heat.

126
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

A mechanoreceptor is a sensory receptor that responds to mechanical pressure or distortion

127
Q

nociceptors

A

Nerve endings selectively responding to painful stimuli

128
Q

generator potential

A

local depolarization of the membrane potential at the end of a sensory neuron in graded response to the strength of a stimulus

129
Q

pacinian corpuscle

A

An encapsulated receptor found in deep layers of the skin that senses vibratory pressure and touch.

130
Q

muscle spindle

A

A sensory receptor in a muscle that responds to the stretching of tissue.

131
Q

intrafusal fibres

A

muscle fibres within a muscle spindle containing afferent nerve endings that detect length changes in the extrafusal muscle fibres

132
Q

nuclear chain fibres

A

intrafusal fibres containing a single row of centrally positioned nuclei.

133
Q

nuclear bag fibres

A

intrafusal fibres containing a central mass of nuclei

134
Q

gamma efferent fibres

A

motor nerve fibers that transmit impulses from the central nervous system to the intrafusal fibers of the muscle spindle

135
Q

golgi tendon organ

A

a proprioceptive sensory nerve ending in tendons activated by any increase of the tendon’s tension

136
Q

receptive field

A

an area of the body surface over which a single sensory receptor is capable of sensing stimuli. (smaller in more sensitive areas)

137
Q

reciprocal innervation

A

Innervation of muscles, in which contraction of one set of muscles leads to the relaxation of opposing muscles.

138
Q

interneuron

A

a neuron between the primary afferent neuron and the final motor neuron

139
Q

ipsilateral reflex

A

a reflex in which the response occurs on the same side of the body that is stimulated.

140
Q

contralateral reflex

A

a reflex in which the response occurs on the opposite side of the body that is stimulated.

141
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

that part of the nervous system that controls the (involuntary) motor innervation of smooth muscle

142
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

the thoracolumbar part of the autonomic nervous system (fight or flight)

143
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

the cranio-sacral part of the autonomic nervous system (rest and digest)

144
Q

paravertebral ganglia

A

sympathetic ganglia in the sympathetic trunk

145
Q

prevertebral ganglia

A

sympathetic ganglia which lie between the sympathetic trunk and the target organ

146
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into products such as ammonia by nitrogen fixing bacteria in soil

147
Q

protein turnover

A

the balance between protein synthesis and protein degradation.

148
Q

negative nitrogen balance

A

state where nitrogen output exceeds nitrogen intake

149
Q

positive nitrogen balance

A

state where nitrogen intake exceeds nitrogen output

150
Q

kwashiorkor

A

severe dietary protein deficiency in children, characterised by anemia, edema, pot belly, depigmentation of the skin and loss of hair

151
Q

carboxypeptidase

A

An exopeptidase that removes the amino acid at the free carboxyl end of a polypeptide chain

152
Q

aminopeptidase

A

An exopeptidase that removes the amino acid at the free amino group end of a polypeptide chain

153
Q

transamination

A

a reaction where an amino group is transferred from an amino acid to an alpha-keto acid

154
Q

aminotransferase

A

Enzyme that transfers amino groups from an amino acid to a keto acid

155
Q

hyperammonaemia

A

elevated levels of ammonia or its compounds in the blood.

156
Q

glucogenic amino acids

A

an amino acid whose carbon skeleton yields either pyruvate or oxaloacetate so can be converted to glucose through gluconeogenesis

157
Q

ketogenic amino acids

A

an amino acid whose carbon skeleton yields ketone bodies that can be converted into acetyl CoA

158
Q

phenylketonuria

A

a disease caused by a lack of PAH enzyme, leading to a build up of phenylalanine which causes irreversible abnormalities in brain structure and function

159
Q

oncotic pressure

A

the osmotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins on the capillary wall, it pulls water into the circulatory system

160
Q

erythrocyte

A

a mature red blood cell

161
Q

leukocyte

A

a white blood cell

162
Q

neutrophil

A

an abundant type of granular, phagocytotic white blood cell

163
Q

eosinophils

A

a granular WBC, attacks pathogens too large for neutrophils

164
Q

basophils

A

granular leukocytes, release histamine and herapin which trigger inflammation

165
Q

monocytes

A

largest WBCs, migrate to connective tissue where thay mature into macrophages

166
Q

macrophage

A

mature monocytes, usually immobile but become mobile during inflammation when they phagocytose pathogens to present to lymphocytes

167
Q

platelet

A

a small, nonnucleated disc-like body found in plasma that promotes blood clotting

168
Q

erythropoietin

A

a hormone which stimulates red blood cell production

169
Q

haematocrit

A

Percentage of the volume of a blood sample occupied by cells.

170
Q

natural killer cells

A

large granular lymphocytes that kill target cells using antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity using perforin. they can also use perforin to kill cells in the absence of antibody

171
Q

dendritic cells

A

a cell that captures antigens and migrates to the lymph nodes and spleen, where it presents the processed antigens to T cells.

172
Q

complement system

A

A complex system of proteins found in normal blood plasma that combines with antibodies to destroy pathogenic bacteria and other foreign cells

173
Q

major histocompatibility (MHC)

A

cell surface proteins that bind to antigens derived from pathogens and display them on the cell surface for recognition by lymphocytes

174
Q

tolerance

A

specific nonreactivity of lymphocytes to a particular antigen

175
Q

chemokines

A

cytokines that are chemokinetic and chemotactic, stimulating leukocyte movement and attraction.

176
Q

cytokines

A

Chemicals that act on cells to stimulate or inhibit their function

177
Q

endergonic

A

requires energy

178
Q

exergonic

A

releases energy

179
Q

buffer

A

a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base or vice versa. resists change in pH

180
Q

haemopoiesis

A

formation of blood cells

Z Medicine Term 1 (8 decks)

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