Anatomy - Intro, bones and joints Flashcards
proximal
nearer to trunk/point of origin
distal
farther from trunk/point of origin
superficial
nearer to surface / on surface
deep
farther from surface
pamar
nearer to / on palm of hand
plantar
nearer to / on sole of foot
cranial/rostral
nearer to head
caudal
nearer to feet
ipsilateral
on the same side of the body
contralateral
on opposite sides of the body
midclavicular line
the sagittal plane through the midpoint of the clavicle
ventral body cavity
consists of the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities
dorsal body cavity
consists of the vertebral and cranial cavities
vertebral level of the sternal angle (sternomanubrial joint)
T4/5
vertebral level of the summit of the iliac crest
L4
transverse plane through L4
intercristal plane
vertebral level of the xiphisternal joint (inferior part of sternum)
T9
bones of the upper limb girdle
scapula and clavicle
bones of the lower limb girdle
ilium, pubis, ischium
function of compact bone
provides strength for weight bearing
function of trabecular (spongy) bone
spicules (gaps) contain blood vessels which carry nutrients and bone marrow which produces blood cells
periosteum
membrane covering outside of compact bone, delivers blood and nutrients to the bone
endosteum
membrane covering inside of compact bone
appositional bone growth
increase in width, new bone is added from the periosteum onto the existing bone
interstitial bone growth
increase in length by cell division in the epiphysial growth plate
function of a sesamoid bone
protects tendons from excessive wear
function of ligaments
stabilise joints
intramembranous ossification
ossification withing the embryological connective tissue membrane, forms flat bones of the skull, face, jaw and centre of the clavicle
endochondral ossification
an initial hyaline cartilage model of the bone becomes replaced by bone, forms most bones in the body, mostly long bones
primary cartilaginous (synchrondosis) joint structure
bone - hyaline cartilage - bone
secondary cartilagenous (symphysis) joint structure
bone - hyaline cartilage - fibrous cartilage - hyaline cartilage - bone
x-ray, best at imaging
bone
barium studies, best at imaging
organs
CT, best at imaging
tissue
ultrasound, best at imaging
soft tissue
MRI, best at imaging
water
anatomical variation
difference in anatomical structures that is not regarded as a disease
anatomical anomaly
marked deviation from the average, often a congenital defect
condyle
rounded area at the end of a bone for articulation with another bone
crest
prominent ridge of a bone, e.g. iliac crest
epicondyle
rounded projection superior to the condyle where ligaments and tendons attach
facet
a smooth flat area, usually covered with cartilage where a bone articulates with another bone. e.g. articular facets of a vertebra
foramen
passage through a bone, through which nerves and blood vessels pass
fossa
shallow/depressed area in a bone
line/linea
low linear elevation
malleolus
rounded prominence, e.g. on either side of the ankle from the tibia and fibula
notch
indentation at the edge of a bone
process
a projecting, spine-like part. e.g the spinous process of a vertebra
Protuberance
a projection of bone
spine
thorn-like process, e.g. spine of the scapula
tubercle
small raised eminence for attachment of a tendon
tuberosity
a large rounded elevation where a muscle or tendon is attached
long bones
tubular structures, e.g. humerus, phalanges
short bones
cuboidal, only found in the ankle (tarsus) and wrist (carpus)
flat bones
usually serve protective functions e.g. cranium
irregular bones
have shapes other than long, short and flat. e.g bones in the face.
functions of the skeleton
protection support mechanical basis for movement storage for salts a continuous supply of new blood cells
types of fibrous joints
suture - e.g. in skull
gomphosis - e.g. between tooth and alveolar process
syndesmosis - e.g. between radius and ulna
-articulating joints are joined by fibrous tissue
synovial pivot joint
a rounded process fits into a bony ligamentous socket, e.g. the atlanto-axial joint
-uniaxial
synovial ball and socket joint
a rounded head fits into a concavity, e.g. hip joint
-multiaxial
synovial condyloid joint
permits flexion+extension, abduction+adduction and circumduction e.g. metacarpophalangeal joint (first knuckle)
-biaxial
synovial saddle joint
saddle shaped heads permit movement in two planes, e.g. carpometacarpal joint (first thumb joint)
-biaxial
synovial hinge joint
permits flexion and extension only e.g radio-ulnar joint (elbow)
-uniaxial
synovial plane joint
permit gliding or sliding movements, e.g. acromioclavicular joint (btw clavicle and scapula)
-usually uniaxial
dorsiflexion
flex toes to sky
plantar flexion
point toes to floor
opposition of thumb
bring thumb to touch pinky finger (keeping thumb straight)
reposition of thumb
bring thumb away from pinky finger (keeping thumb straight)
red bone marrow
produces RBCs, most WBCs and platelets. all bone marrow is red at birth, found in flat bones and in the trabecular bone in long bones.
yellow bone marrow
high number of fat cells, produces some WBCs. increases with age, found in the medullary cavity of long bones
